FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PERCEPTUAL AND MEMORY SYSTEMS IN THE PRIMATE BRAIN

为了更好地了解大脑皮质调节知觉和 记忆，我们一直在检查组成视觉的功能区 非人灵长类动物的联合皮质，并探索它们的 通过使用神经解剖示踪技术实现的互联 结合神经活动的生理记录。我们的结果 指示多个单独的可视区域位于 初级视觉皮质在信息流处理中的作用。这些 区域形成了两个按层次组织和功能专门的区域 皮质通路：枕颞部通路，或“腹侧流”， 对物体的识别，以及枕顶通路，或‘背部 流‘，用于欣赏对象之间的空间关系 以及向它们移动的视觉引导。而大脑中的神经元 沿着进入颞叶的通路的区域处理视觉特征 物体，如颜色和形状，那些在进入通道的区域 顶叶处理对象的视觉空间属性，例如 它们的运动方向。不仅是两条处理路径 在解剖和功能上是截然不同的，但它们也可以 通过他们的神经化学特征来区分。鉴于绝大多数人 枕顶通路内的神经元中含有神经丝 蛋白质，对于不到一半的神经元来说是这样的 枕颞部通路。为了找出两者之间的同源性 人类和猴子的大脑，我们已经开始对人类对象进行调查 使用功能性脑成像以及使用其的人脑组织 我们在猴脑上使用的免疫组织学染色技术 组织。到目前为止，在我们的脑成像研究中，我们已经定位了这两个 人脑内的视觉处理路径，研究的功能 它们内部的视觉属性的专业化，并确定了其 前额叶皮质工作记忆的进一步扩展。 此外，我们已经证明，学习和保持 简单的技能，包括知觉和运动，都涉及神经机制 位于皮质处理的非常早期阶段，即初级 视觉和运动皮质。在我们对人脑组织的研究中，我们有 成功识别出人脑中的几个皮质区域 在猴子的大脑中进行了描述，包括视觉区域V2、V3和 Mt.Mt.未来的研究将继续进行脑功能成像研究 人类的知觉和记忆以及平行的单细胞记录研究 在清醒的时候，表现得像猴子。一个主要的努力将是确定如何“顶层-- 注意力和记忆的“向下”影响影响知觉处理。

To better understand the cortical mechanisms mediating perception and memory, we have been examining the functional areas that comprise visual association cortex in nonhuman primates and explored their interconnections by the use of neuroanatomical tracing techniques in combination with physiological recording of neural activity. Our results indicate that a multiplicity of separate visual areas lie beyond the primary visual cortex in the stream of information processing. These areas form two hierarchically organized and functionally specialized cortical pathways: an occipitotemporal pathway, or 'ventral stream', for the identification of objects, and an occipitoparietal pathway, or 'dorsal stream', for the appreciation of the spatial relationships among objects and the visual guidance of movement towards them. Whereas neurons in the areas along the pathway into the temporal lobe process the visual features objects, such as color and form, those in areas along the pathway into the parietal lobe process the visuospatial attributes of objects, such as their direction of motion. Not only are the two processing pathways anatomically and functionally distinct, but they can also be differentiated by their neurochemical profiles. Whereas the vast majority of neurons within the occipitoparietal pathway contain neurofilament protein, this is true for less than half the neurons within the occipitotempoal pathway. In an attempt to identify homologies between the human and monkey brains, we have begun investigations of human subjects using functional brain imaging and of human brain tissue using the same immunohistologcial staining techniques that we have used on monkey brain tissue. Thus far in our brain imaging studies, we have localized the two visual processing pathways within the human brain, investigated functional specialization of visual attributes within them, and identified their further extensions for working memory in the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the learning and retention of simple skills, both perceptual and motor, involves neural mechanisms located at very early stages of cortical processing, namely, the primary visual and motor cortex. In our work with human brain tissue, we have successfully identified several cortical areas in the human brain that have been described in the monkey brain, including visual areas V2, V3 and MT. Future studies will pursue functional brain imaging studies of perception and memory in humans and parallel single-cell recording studies in awake, behaving monkeys. A major effort will be to determine how "top- down" influences of attention and memory affect perceptual processing.