Biotelemetry/Bio-aerial-platforms for the Urban Boundary Layer

近年来，在气象学和数值天气预报模式中改进城市组成部分的努力受到城市边界层(UBL)气象数据匮乏的阻碍，特别是在建筑物高度上方但接近建筑物高度的区域。这一地区正是当地能量平衡和阻力与盛行的天气形势相结合的地方，在空间尺度上上下传递流体动力学信息，这对(I)城市天气预报，(Ii)事件预报(例如，热浪，体育赛事期间的气候条件，有害物质的释放)，以及(Iii)高密度宜居城市的可持续城市规划都有影响。然而，使用传统技术获取高于平均屋顶高度的城市地区的气象数据是有问题的。我们提出生物遥测/生物航空平台作为一种新颖而可行的解决方案，以解决城市屋顶上的数据稀缺问题，并绕过与使用无人驾驶航空系统相关的监管问题。我们将开发一套低成本的禽类气象仪器套件(AvMIP)，用于伯明翰的整体部署，作为一个合适的大型和不同类型的测试案例。AvMIP将经过严格的测试，以确定：(I)数据偏差和可靠性；(Ii)传感器对温度变化的反应；(Iii)辐射的影响；以及(Iv)鸟类体温和其他“平台效应”的影响。在确定包裹的质量保证和控制是充分的之后，AvMIP部署的主要目标将是城市和邻里尺度上的UBL的热和湿度结构。将通过使用中尺度气象模式(WRF，天气研究和预报)的部署前建模来确定有利于部署的天气条件。随后对AvMIP数据的分析和解释以及数据与伯明翰峡谷(3M)气象数据的合成将得到部署后测量期建模的协助。总体而言，该项目将提供一种新颖的、经过严格测试的探测UBL的技术。将获得一个欧洲主要城市的城市边界的独特数据集，阐明气候缓解问题，如大型公园(或城市中心)到城市城市边界的冷却(或供热)能力/容量，以及科学问题，如城市表面异质性影响不再可检测到的“混合高度”的大小。该项目的成功将是朝着部署化学传感器迈出的必要一步，并将导致为研究和城市规划目的产生前所未有的城市大气数据集。我们提议的这种新颖的实地部署需要与各种利益攸关方结成强有力的伙伴关系。皇家赛鸽协会(RPRA)在鸟类方面提供关键支持，这些鸟类将以坚定的方式表现良好。RPRA拥有在鸽子上安装有效载荷的经验，因此可以确保我们的有效载荷在大小、重量等方面是合适的，并且我们的鸽子部署将提供我们寻求的数据。伯明翰市议会将通过三种方式支持该项目：1.作为我们成果的主要最终用户之一(通过城市-大学联合海盗项目，改善全市城市气候学的诊断和预报)；2.促进在公园等城市开放空间使用鸟类；3.方便进入海鸥筑巢的城市建筑。生态顾问Stefan Bodnar博士将担任主要的鸟类处理员，并担任我们工作的公开传播顾问，以支持该项目。

Attempts to improve the urban component in meteorology and numerical weather prediction models in recent years have been hampered by a paucity of meteorological data in the urban boundary layer (UBL), especially in the region above, but close to, building height. This region is precisely where local energy balances and drag combine with prevailing synoptic patterns to transmit fluid dynamical information up and down spatial scales, with implications for (i) urban weather prediction, (ii) event forecasting (e.g. heatwaves, climatic conditions during sporting events, releases of hazardous substances), and (iii) sustainable urban planning for high density liveable cities. However, capturing meteorological data in urban areas above the mean roof height is problematic using conventional techniques. We propose Biotelemetry/bio-aerial-platforms as a novel and practicable solution to the data paucity above urban rooftops in the UBL, and to circumvent the regulatory issues related to use of unmanned aerial systems. We will develop a suite of low-cost Avian-Meteorology-Instrument Packages (AvMIPs) for ensemble deployment in Birmingham as a suitably large and heterogeneous test case. The AvMIPs will be tested rigorously to determine: (i) data biases and reliability; (ii) sensor response to temperature variations; (iii) effect of radiation; and (iv) effect of bird's body temperature and other 'platform effects'. After quality assurance and control of the packages have been determined to be adequate, the primary targets of the AvMIP deployment will be the thermal and moisture structures of the UBL at the city and neighbourhood scales. Favourable weather conditions for deployment will be identified via pre-deployment modelling using a mesoscale meteorological model (WRF, Weather Research and Forecasting). Subsequent analysis and interpretation of the AvMIP data and synthesis of the data together with Birmingham's canyon (3m) meteorological data will be assisted by post-deployment modelling for the measurement periods. Overall, this project will deliver a novel, and rigorously tested, technology for probing the UBL. A unique dataset for the UBL of a major European conurbation will be obtained, elucidating climate mitigation issues such as the cooling (or heating) capability/capacity of a large park (or a city centre) to a city's UBL, and scientific issues such as the magnitude of the 'blending height' at which the effect of urban surface heterogeneity is no longer detectable. Success of the project will be a necessary step towards deployment of chemical sensors, and lead to generation of unprecedented datasets of the urban atmosphere for both research and city-planning purposes. Novel field deployments of the kind we propose require strong partnerships with a wide variety of stakeholders. The Royal Pigeon Racing Association (RPRA) provide critical support in terms of birds that will behave in well determined ways. The RPRA have experience of mounting payloads on pigeons and so can ensure that our payloads are appropriately in size, weight, etc., and that our pigeon deployments will deliver the data we seek. Birmingham City Council will support the project in three ways: 1. As one of the principal end-users of our results (feeding into improved diagnosis and forecasting of urban climatology across the city through the joint city-university BUCCANEER project); 2. In order to facilitate use of birds in open urban spaces such as parks; and 3. In order to facilitate access to city buildings on which gulls are nesting. Dr Stefan Bodnar, an ecological consultant, will support the project by acting as principal bird handler and as a consultant for public dissemination of our work.