EMIGRATION & MATURATION IN HOWLING MONKEYS

青少年迁出的模式在《驯鹿的咆哮》中有记录 但猴子的具体动力尚不清楚。要确定是否 移民是由激素调节的，共收集了193份粪便样本 来自太平洋庄园5个社会团体的25名青少年 1993年至1995年6月至8月。对样本进行了雌二醇分析， 孕酮和睾酮浓度的研究 作者：Risler等人。(1987)。每名市民的平均浓度 每年进行测定，并按年龄(1-1.9岁；2-2.9岁)进行比较 年；3-3.9岁)，按性别(男性、女性)和移民结果 (居留、当年移民、留学期间移民)。全 一岁大的婴儿仍留在产后组，激素水平没有差异 男性和女性之间的集中度。两岁的雌性 留在组中的所有激素的平均浓度高于 移居国外的雌性。这一模式在三岁时发生了逆转 留在群体中的雌性动物的平均激素浓度低于 那些移民的人。对于两岁和三岁的雄性，那些 留在群体中的人比迁出的人浓度低， 尽管这种情况在年长的男性中更为明显。相比之下，对于 两岁和三岁的雄性被赶出了群体 研究表明，所有的荷尔蒙水平都很低，表明 对社会不确定性的回应。这些荷尔蒙数据支持 先前报道的青少年移民的观测数据。

Juvenile emigration patterns are documented in mantled howling monkeys but the specific impetus is unknown. To determine if emigration is hormonally mediated, 193 fecal samples were collected from 25 juveniles in 5 social groups on Hacienda La Pacifica during June-August, 1993-1995. Samples were analyzed for estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone concentration using methods developed by Risler et al. (1987). Mean concentrations for each individual for each year were determined, and were compared by age (1-1.9 yrs; 2-2.9 yrs.; 3-3.9 yrs), by sex (male, female), and by emigration outcome (remained, emigrated during year, emigrated during study). All one-year olds remained in natal groups, with no differences in hormone concentrations between males and females. Two-year old females that remained in groups had higher mean concentrations of all hormones than females that emigrated. This pattern reversed at three years of age Females remaining in groups had lower mean hormone concentrations than those emigrating. For two- and three-year old males, those that remained in groups had lower concentrations than those that emigrated, although it was more marked in the older males. In contrast, for two-and three-year old males being forced out of the group during the study, all hormonal values were very low, suggesting a physiological response to social uncertainty. These hormonal data support the observational data previously reported for juvenile emigration.