Characterising devolatilisation beneath the Mariana Forearc

有两种类型的地壳构成了世界的板块;海洋和大陆，前者薄而致密，位于世界海洋之下;后者相当厚，浮力更大，构成了大陆。大洋地壳形成于被称为大洋中脊的分散的板块边界，海底火山链。随着新形成的地壳年龄的增长和远离洋脊，它冷却，密度增加和下沉。在洋壳和陆壳之间出现会聚板块边界的地方，密度较大的洋壳下沉并俯冲到陆壳之下。在两个大洋板块之间发生会聚的地方，较老的、密度较大的板块下沉和俯冲。这些边界是地球上最深的海沟的原因，例如马里亚纳海沟（最深点11，033米）。俯冲带是地球上地壳物质进入地幔的主要区域，因此代表了板块构造理论中的基本再循环过程。这些汇聚边缘的地质作用控制着地震活动、深成岩活动和相关的火山活动，以及海洋、地壳和地幔之间的地球化学循环。这些边缘通常会产生大的海啸地震，因此了解控制俯冲界面地震成因的物理特性是阐明板块边界行为的关键。沉积物和地壳岩石在俯冲过程中会经历不断变化的压力和温度，矿物质变得不稳定并分解形成新的、密度更大的矿物质，在此过程中释放出具有浮力的流体，这些流体上升到地震成核的断层上方，并与上覆的地幔岩石相互作用。俯冲板块在开始熔融之前所经历的化学和物理变化控制着这些板块边界的地震行为、地球化学循环和岩浆活动。为了研究这些过程，人们研究了已经抬升到现今大陆地壳上的俯冲带的旧碎片，但是，在这些洋壳部分向大陆迁移的过程中发生的化学和物理变化受到的限制很小，地层压力和温度的估计误差较大。在原地研究这些过程是困难的，因为它们发生在地壳深处和地球上最深的水域。被厚厚的堆积沉积物覆盖的俯冲带已被成功钻探，但厚厚的沉积物掩盖了深部流体的特征，因此无法研究深俯冲带的过程。在马里亚纳会聚边缘，太平洋板块俯冲到马里亚纳板块之下，那里几乎没有沉积物覆盖层。马里亚纳板块有断层，这些断层与泥火山有关。泥火山起源于从俯冲板块释放出来的流体的通道，并携带来自该板块的物质，以及与它们一起发生化学变化的上覆地幔。这提供了一个独特的机会，样品在俯冲过程中产生的流体和物质从俯冲板块，而不必钻深。我们将使用从IODP远征366钻探到马里亚纳前弧泥火山的样本，以分析俯冲过程中产生的沃茨。先前的研究表明，随着板块向深处移动，流体的化学性质发生了变化。我们将测量流体中不同化学示踪剂的同位素比值，以记录这些过程的演化和下行岩石中的变质转变以及流体在上覆地幔中促进的化学反应。这些信息将与对随流体运输的岩石的分析相结合，以量化哪些被带入更深的俯冲带，哪些被释放到地壳和海洋之上。这些分析将有助于限制控制地震成核处材料强度的反应。

There are two types of crust that make up the plates of the World; oceanic and continental, the former is thin and dense and underlies the oceans of the world; and the latter is considerably thicker and more buoyant and makes up the continents. Oceanic crust forms at divergent plate boundaries known as mid ocean ridges, chains of underwater volcanoes. As the newly formed crust ages and moves further from the ridge it cools, becomes denser and sinks. Where a convergent plate boundary occurs between oceanic and continental crust the denser oceanic crust sinks and subducts beneath the continental crust. Where convergence occurs between two oceanic plates, the older, denser plate sinks and subducts. Such boundaries are responsible for the deepest oceanic trenches on Earth, for example the Mariana Trench (deepest point 11,033 m).Subduction zones are the principal areas on Earth where crustal materials are transported into the mantle and therefore represent the fundamental recycling process in plate tectonic theory. Geological processes at these convergent margins control seismicity, plutonism and associated volcanism, and geochemical cycling between the ocean, crust and mantle. These margins commonly generate large, tsunamigenic earthquakes, thus understanding the physical properties controlling seismogenesis at the subduction interface is key to elucidating plate boundary behaviour. Sediments and crustal rocks experience changing pressures and temperatures as they subduct, minerals become unstable and breakdown to form new, denser minerals, and in doing so release fluids that are buoyant and rise into the faults above where earthquakes nucleate and interact with overlying mantle rocks. The chemical and physical changes that the subducting plate undergoes prior to the onset of melting controls earthquake behaviour, geochemical cycling and magmatism at these plate boundaries.To study these processes old pieces of subduction zones that have been uplifted onto the present day continental crust have been studied, but the chemical and physical changes that occurred during the transport of these sections of oceanic crust onto the continents are poorly constrained, and there are large errors on estimated pressures and temperatures of formation. Studying these processes in situ is difficult because they occur deep in the crust and in the some of deepest stretches of water on Earth. Subduction zones that are covered by thick piles of accreted sediments have been successfully drilled, but the thick sediment piles obscures signatures of deep fluids and so the deep subduction zone processes cannot be studied.At the Mariana convergent margin, the Pacific Plate subducts under the Mariana Plate where there is little sediment overburden. The Mariana Plate is faulted and these faults are associated with mud volcanoes. The mud volcanoes originate from the passage of fluids liberated from the subducting plate and carry material from this plate and chemically altered overlying mantle with them. This provides a unique opportunity to sample fluids generated during subduction and materials from the subducting plate without having to drill deep.We will use samples from the IODP Expedition 366 drilling into mud volcanoes in the Mariana forearc to analyse waters generated during subduction. Previous work shows that fluid chemistry changes as the plate moves deeper. We will measure the isotopic ratios of different chemical tracers in the fluids to document the evolution of these processes and metamorphic transformations in the downgoing rocks and the chemical reactions the fluids facilitate in the overlying mantle. This information will be combined with analyses of rocks that are transported with the fluids to quantify what is carried into the deeper subduction zone and what is liberated to the crust and ocean above. These analyses will help to constrain the reactions controlling the strength of materials where earthquakes nucleate.