Towards resilience to pluvial flood events

低收入和中等收入国家的许多发展中城市每年都会遭遇山洪暴发，排水系统不足以及快速和无计划的城市化导致的可渗透表面增加加剧了这一问题，导致个人和基础设施几乎没有机会恢复。洪水对范围广泛、往往已经脆弱、相互依存的基础设施部门构成危害：水和废水、运输、能源生产和分配、固体废物和信通技术，以及住房和生计。与洪水有关的损失和对人民财产的破坏正在升级，维护道路和排水渠道的费用也在升级。这种危险也增加了霍乱、伤寒、痢疾和疟疾等水传播疾病的发生率。洪水事件通常发生在低洼地区，这些地区通常由非正规住区占据，然而，对交通、经济和基础设施的更广泛的连锁反应也影响到中等和高收入群体;天气事件的预警系统仅限于预测快速、高强度的事件，如飓风或缓慢发生的事件，如干旱，很少关注快速、高强度的事件，低强度事件，例如通常持续2至6小时的强降雨引起的山洪暴发，因此对减少洪泛风险的影响有限。该催化剂项目的目的是了解导致暴雨/山洪暴发的水文气象因素，以及这种灾害对当地社区及其配套基础设施的影响。此外，该项目将测试三个影响模型的可移植性，以更好地为社区和应急服务做好准备，应对洪水事件，并为决策者提供如何提高基础设施复原力的信息。该催化剂在乌干达坎帕拉进行了演示，将实现五个目标：1.利用现有的数据和工具以及当地知识，探索极端降雨过去的影响和当前的脆弱性。2.描述坎帕拉市与洪水有关的极端降雨。加强对洪积洪水对人民和基础设施影响的位置和程度的了解，以评估洪积风险作为危害和影响的函数。评估有效的应对措施和准备工作，以提高对极端多雨天气的适应能力。共同建立适当的沟通机制，以加强社区、非政府组织和地方政府机构在实践中对风险和复原力信息的吸收，研究将使广泛的利益攸关方受益，包括：个人和社区，提供适当的信息，使他们在发生洪水时更好地做好准备，改变行为，采取措施适应风险;应急服务和响应者可以利用中断风险图来支持洪水事件期间的响应和恢复;地方当局和基础设施提供者将有更好的证据表明，在哪里进行适应，以限制对住房，基础设施，这项催化剂研究将展示如何将所使用的方法与真实的实时天气预报相结合，以支持在洪水事件期间开发实时决策支持系统。

Many growing cities in Low and Middle Income Countries, experience flash floods on an annual basis, exacerbated by inadequate draining systems and increased permeable surfaces from rapid and unplanned urbanisation, resulting in in little opportunity for individuals and infrastructure to recover. Pluvial flooding is a hazard for a wide range of often, already fragile, interdependent infrastructure sectors: water and waste water, transport, energy generation and distribution, solid waste and ICT, as well as housing and livelihoods. Flood-related losses and damage to people's property is escalating, as is the cost of maintaining roads and drainage channels. The hazard also increases the incidents of water borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and malaria. Flood events typically occur in low-lying areas often occupied by informal settlements, however, the wider, knock-on effects on transportation, economy, and infrastructure also influence middle and upper income groups; with whole cities becoming exposed.Early warning systems for weather events are limited to predicting rapid, high magnitude events such as hurricanes or slow onset events such as droughts, with little attention paid to rapid, low magnitude events such as flash flooding from intense rainfall that typically last between 2 and 6 hours and can therefore only have limited impact on reducing the risk from pluvial flooding. The aim of this catalyst project is to understand the hydro-meteorological factors that lead to pluvial/flash flooding and the impact this hazard has on local communities and their supporting infrastructure. Furthermore this project will test the transferability of three impact models to that will better prepare communities and emergency services to respond in a pluvial flood event and inform decision makers on how to improve infrastructure resilience.Demonstrated in Kampala, Uganda, this catalyst will address the five objectives:1. Explore past impacts of, and current vulnerability to extreme rainfall, capitalising upon existing data and tools, and local knowledge.2. Characterise extreme rainfall associated with pluvial flooding in the city of Kampala.3. Enhance understanding of the location and magnitude of impacts of pluvial flooding to people and infrastructure to assess pluvial risk as a function of hazard and impacts.4. Assess effective responses and preparation to enhance resilience to pluvial extremes.5. Co-create appropriate communication mechanisms to enhance the uptake of risk and resilience information in practice by communities, NGOs, and local government agencies.The research will benefit a wide range of stakeholders including: individuals and communities by providing appropriate information for them to be better prepared during pluvial flood events and to change behaviours and take measures to adapt to the risk; emergency services and responders who could make use of the disruption risk mapping to support response and recovery during pluvial flood events; local authority and infrastructure providers will have improved evidence of where to target adaptation to limit direct and indirect impacts on housing, infrastructure, the economy and livelihoods.This catalyst research will demonstrate how the approaches used could be combined with real time weather predictions to support the development of a real-time Decision Support System during pluvial flood events.