Integrated Research Observation System for Clean Air (OSCA)

“糟糕的空气质量是英国公共卫生面临的最大环境风险”(DEFRA，2017)，因此成为一系列区域和国家政策干预的重点。然而，由于我们的交通系统、我们取暖的方式、我们的能源供应、我们对溶剂的使用和我们的农业系统都在改变，我们知道，排放和空气污染物的趋势在未来几年可能会发生深刻的变化，而且实际上已经在发生。我们需要了解不断变化的大气成分，以确保空气质量政策最大限度地有利于保护人类和环境健康。清洁空气：分析和解决方案计划确定需要新的能力来预测造成空气污染的来源、排放和大气过程的未来变化。OSCA项目通过多学科研究活动满足了这一需求，将最先进的大气观测、实验室研究、新的数据处理工具和综合科学综合结合在一起，以提供对城市空气污染的新理解。OSCA将：-结合对刹车和轮胎磨损来源的实验室测量，以及对伦敦BT Tower的颗粒物(PM)和二氧化氮(NO2)总通量的测量，提供更好的排放量化。非尾气排放占交通产生的PM10的高达70%，量化很差，其相对重要性将随着英国车队的脱碳而增加。真实世界的排放测量是空气质量预测的基础，避免了对制造商数据的依赖。-通过开发RCUK在伦敦、伯明翰和曼彻斯特资助的新的城市空气质量超级站点，对英国城市空气质量提供明确的、最先进的科学评估，以提供对大气成分的全面、连续和长期的测量。这些数据将描述英国不断变化的污染气候，确定区域空气质量政策执行过程中微妙的排放趋势，并为评估正在进行的趋势提供关键资源。-开发新的数学分析，以确定紧急趋势/对政策的反应，并将这些分析与既定的方法一起应用于解决关键的科学不确定性--例如：评估NO2的趋势和不断变化的来源；对非废气交通、木烟和烹饪活动对PM的贡献提供明确的量化；确定氨排放的趋势和贡献；-提供数据和基础设施，以支持更广泛的清洁空气计划，包括开发和部署新型传感器网络(QUANT)；验证模型和健康影响计算的数据(INSPECT和DREAM)；洞察空气质量对政策举措的反应(预期)；传感器测试和污染源识别(APEX)。-通过密集的实地活动，实现社区动员，旨在了解英国大气(管理二次PM和臭氧的产生)的气相反应气候的变化，以及大气空气的来源和化学成分。OSCA的调查结果将通过PPI已经维持的一系列既定关系为决策者提供支持。这些包括在超级网站主办城市内的参与，以及与相关国家机构的链接，包括Defra、DFT、DoH、PHE和EA。OSCA成果提供了重要的新数据和新颖的科学方法，对于评估英国未来管理空气污染的来源、排放和大气过程的变化至关重要--这是清洁空气计划WP1的核心。OSCA完全纳入了更广泛的方案，为政策决策提供信息，监测决策的影响，并为公共卫生研究和成果提供支持。

"Poor air quality is the largest environmental risk to Public Health in the UK" (DEFRA, 2017) and is consequently a focus of a range of regional and national policy interventions. However, since our transport systems, the way we heat our homes, our energy supply, our use of solvents and our agricultural systems are all changing, we know that profound changes in emissions and trends in air pollutants are likely in the coming years and indeed are already taking place. We need to understand our changing atmospheric composition, to ensure air quality policy has maximum benefit for the protection of human and environmental health.The Clean Air: Analysis and Solutions Programme identifies the need for new capability to predict future changes in the sources, emissions and atmospheric processes responsible for air pollution. The OSCA project addresses this need through a multidisciplinary research activity, combining state-of-the-science atmospheric observations, laboratory studies, new data processing tools and integrated scientific synthesis to deliver new understanding of urban air pollution. OSCA will:-Deliver improved quantification of emissions, combining lab measurements of brake & tyre wear sources, and measurements of the total fluxes of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the BT Tower in London. Non-exhaust emissions comprise up to 70% of traffic-derived PM10, are poorly quantified, and whose relative importance will increase with UK fleet decarbonisation. Real-world emission measurements underpin air quality predictions and avoid dependence upon manufacturer data.-Provide a definitive, state-of-the-science assessment of UK urban air quality through exploitation of the new RCUK-funded urban air quality Supersites in London, Birmingham and Manchester to deliver comprehensive, continuous and long-term measurements of atmospheric composition. These data will characterise the changing UK pollution climate, identify subtle emission trends during implementation of regional air quality policies, and provide a key resource for evaluation of ongoing trends.-Develop new mathematical analyses to identify emergent trends / responses to policies and apply these alongside established methods to address key science uncertainties - e.g.: to assess the trends and changing sources of NO2; to provide definitive quantification of the contributions of non-exhaust traffic, woodsmoke and cooking activities to PM; to identify trends in and contributions to ammonia emissions; to identify changes VOC emissions - precursors to ozone formation.-Provide data and infrastructure to underpin the wider Clean Air Programme, including development and deployment of novel sensor networks (QUANT); data to validate models and health effect calculations (InSPIRE and DREaM); insight into air quality response to policy initiatives (ANTICIPATE); sensor testing and pollutant source identification (APEx).-Enable community mobilisation through intensive field campaigns, targeted at understanding the changing gas-phase reactivity climate of the UK atmosphere (which governs production of secondary PM and ozone), and the sources and chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols.OSCA findings will support policymakers through a range of established relationships the PIs already maintain. These include engagements within the supersite host cities, and links to relevant national bodies, including Defra, DfT, DoH, PHE and the EA. The OSCA deliverables provide important new data and novel scientific approaches central to the assessment of future changes in the sources, emissions and atmospheric processes governing air pollution in the UK - the core of WP1 of the Clean Air programme. OSCA is fully embedded into the wider programme, informing policy decisions, monitoring the impacts of decisions, and feeding public health research and outcomes.