MARINE MICROBIAL MAT COMMUNITIES FOR PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON BIOREMEDIATION

~&鳄鱼席是几乎由 完全由原核微生物组成。这些垫子发展到了极致 限制真核生物生长的环境。 无菌垫可见于高温、高盐度、高盐度 碱度和高硫化物环境，在那里微生物可以 由于没有捕食性生物而共生。尽管有 在极端条件下，这些系统具有发达的生物地球化学 周期，并具有极强的生物活性。这些系统是 通常由光合作用的有机体驱动，如蓝藻。 其固定二氧化碳和氮气，并且不需要外部输入有机物质 物质。好氧细菌和厌氧细菌的复合群落 围绕蓝藻的初级生产而发展。其中一些 微生物群落的组成成员通过新陈代谢 多才多艺，利用各种电子给体和电子 接受者。~&鳄鱼垫被牵连到促进快速的 原油的降解，很可能是由于整体新陈代谢 社区的多样性。本研究以高盐度海洋为研究对象。 来自埃及太阳湖的微生物垫。太阳湖微生物垫 具有广泛的生物、化学和物理特征 考试。在径向循环期间，垫子的表层 在物理和化学条件上发生重大变化。 这些瞬变条件包括改变氧气浓度 硫化物浓度(从0到&gt；500微摩尔) 微摩尔)、pH(从中性到9.5)、温度、有机碳 (在数量和类型上)，等等。高光合作用 蓝藻的活动在白天创造了一种情况 表面层(0-2.5 mm)被氧化，通常超过 饱和度。然而，在夜间，从上覆的扩散 水柱是氧气的唯一来源，系统变成 在0.5毫米深的地方厌氧。氧气在任何时候都是由一个 异养和石养生物种类繁多，导致快速 光合作用产生区以下的氧气耗竭或 快速扩散。在这些含氧区下面，硫化物 浓度，取决于硫酸盐还原菌的活性 (SRB)，迅速增加。非微生物种群可能会对这些 通过改变它们的新陈代谢或重新安置到 在垫子上的位置更有利。Nfmicrocoleus chtonopastes， 主要的微生物垫蓝藻，已经观察到经历了 对变化的光照条件作出反应的迁徙行为。这些 细菌产生大的鞘管(在之前的 显微镜)垂直穿透垫子，它们可以迁移 在这些鞘里。从理论上讲，护套也可以利用 被其他细菌感染，尽管以前的显微镜没有发现其他 鞘内的有机体。这其中的一个主要因素 研究是将垫的物理结构与垫的功能联系起来，并在 特别是，垫状微生物的迁移和运输 污染物。这其中的一个方面是将物理和 未经修饰的微生物垫基质的生物学结构 为修理干杯。以前对垫子的显微镜检查采用了固定程序 使用戊醛，以及乙醇和环氧丙烷 脱水。我们对采用快速冷冻技术很感兴趣 以最小的改动保存我们的样品。特别的 人们关心的是如何保存垫子的多糖基质。这个 垫有厚厚的橡胶质地(特别是表层)，这是由于 对草席细菌大量生产多糖有重要意义。 总体而言，我们最感兴趣的是研究 垫子顶端4毫米。除了是最具生物性的 活动区域的垫子，我们也有相当数量的 该区域的人口数据，分辨率极高(50 微米级垂直切片。)我们有兴趣看看 整体结构和垫层中孔隙空间的尺寸 矩阵。除了鞘管外，开阔的空间还可以用作 用于垫状微生物区系迁移和运输的管道 污染物。具体地说，我们希望查看中的MAT矩阵 两个维度：垂直方向，以查看纹理的变化 深度和水平，以评估垫矩阵中的异质性 只有一个深度。

~&crobial mats are conspicuous benthic communities composed almost entirely of prokaryotic microorganisms. These mats develop in extreme environments which limit the growth of Eukaryotic organisms. Nficrobial mats are found in high temperature, high salinity, high alkalinity, and high sulfide environments where microorganisms can accrete due to the absence of predatory organisms. In spite of the extreme conditions, these systems have well developed biogeochernical cycles and are extremely biologically active. The systems are generally driven by photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria. which fix C02 and N2, and do not require external input of organic matter. A complex community of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria develop around the primary production of the cyanobacteria. Some of the constituent members of the microbial community are metabolically versatile, utilizing a variety of electron donors and electron acceptors. ~&crobial mats have been implicated in promoting the rapid degradation of crude oil, most likely due to the overall metabolic diversity of the community. This study focuses on hypersaline marine microbial mats from Solar Lake, Egypt. The Solar Lake microbial mats have been characterized by extensive biological, chemical and physical examination. During the diumal cycle, the surface layers of the mat undergo significant changes in physical and chemical conditions. These transient conditions include changing oxygen concentrations (from 0 to > 1000 micromolar), sulfide concentrations (0 to > 500 micromolar), pH (from neutral to >9.5), temperature, organic carbon (in quantity and type), among others. Tbe high photosynthetic activity of the cyanobacteria creates a situation during the day in which the surface layers (0-2.5 mm) are oxygenated, often in excess of saturation. However, during the night, diffusion from the overlying water column is the only source of oxygen, and the system becomes anaerobic at a depth of 0.5 mm. Oxygen is consumed at all times by a variety of heterotrophic and lithotrophic organisms, causing rapid depletion of oxygen below regions of photosynthetic production or rapid diffusion. Below these oxygenated regions, sulfide concentrations, due to the activity of the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), increase rapidly. Nficrobial populations may respond to these environmental changes by altering their metabolism or by relocating to more favorable position in the mat. Nficrocoleus chtonoplastes, predominant microbial mat cyanobacteria, have been observed to undergo migratory behavior in response to changing light conditions. These bacteria produce large sheath tubes (identified in previous microscopy) which penetrate the mat vertically, and they may migrate inside these sheaths. Theoretically the sheaths may also be utilized by other bacteria, although previous microscopy did not identify other organisms inside the sheaths. One of the main elements of this research is to link mat physical structure with mat function, and in particular, migration of mat microorganisms and transport of pollutants. One aspect of this is to characterize the physical and biology'structure of the microbial mat matrix without modification due to fixing. Previous microscopy of the mat employed fixing procedures using gluteraldehyde, as well as ethanol and propylene oxide for dehydration. We are interested in employing rapid freezing techniques to preserve our sample with a minimum of alteration. Of particular concern is preservation of the polysaccharide matrix of the mat. The mat has a thick and rubbery texture (especially the surface layer) due to the copious production of polysaccharides by mat bacteria. Overall, we would be most interested in examine the structure of the top 4 mm of the mat. In addition to being the most biologically active region of the mat, we also have a significant amount of population data for this region, at extremely high resolution (50 microme-ter vertical sections.) We are interested in looking at the overall structure and at the dimensions of the pore spaces in the mat matrix. Open spaces, in addition to the sheath tubes, may serve as conduits for migration of mat microbiota and for transport of pollutants. Specifically, we would like to look at the mat matrix in two dimensions: vertically, to look a the change in texture with depth, and horizontally, to assess heterogeneity in the mat matrix at a single depth.