Multi-zone blazar modelling

耀变体是宇宙中最明亮的连续源，也是活动星系核（AGN）中变化最大的。它们的极端物理，与星系演化的联系，它们对宇宙射线和中微子形式的多信使天文学的贡献，确保了它们在高能天体物理来源中的突出地位。对耀变体的研究正在走向成熟，在未来几年里，学界将完全超越简化的耀变体发射单区域模型，这在一定程度上是由于计算能力的提高和数值技术的改进。在三年的时间里，博士生将采用先进的单区轻子和强子模型来研究共同形成耀变体发射光谱的不同粒子之间的相互作用，并将它们首先解析扩展到空间扩展模型，然后以壳碰撞的形式包括流动中的不规则性的影响，并最终使用拉格朗日方法在一维和二维中进行完整的动力学模拟。将特别注意对多信使特征和极化的影响。该项目为巴斯大学和瓦伦西亚大学高能AGN/瞬态小组之间的长期合作奠定了基础。

Blazars are the most luminous continuous sources in the universe, the most variable of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Their extreme physics, connection to galaxy evolution, their contribution to multi-messenger astronomy in the form of cosmic rays and neutrinos ensure their prominence among high-energy astrophysical sources. The study of blazars is maturing, and the community is set to fully move beyond simplified one-zone modelling of blazar emission in the coming years, made possible in part by increasing computational power and improvement in numerical techniques.Over the course of three years, the PhD student will take advanced one-zone leptonic and hadronic models of the interplay between different particle species that jointly shape the blazar emission spectrum and extend them first analytically to a spatially extended model, then include the effect of irregularity in the flow in the form of shell collisions and eventually full dynamical simulation using a Lagrangian approach in one and two dimensions. Special attention will be paid to implications for the multi-messenger signature and polarization. The project lays the foundations for a long-term collaboration between the high-energy AGN/transients groups at the universities of Bath and Valencia.