ASCORBATE AND GLUTATHIONE IN CNS INJURY

大脑抗氧化剂是神经保护剂，防止氧化 正常有氧代谢过程中的损伤。 抗坏血酸（抗坏血酸盐）和 谷胱甘肽（GSH）是低分子量的最丰富的抗氧化剂 CNS中的重量。 在缺血性损伤开始时， 维持抗坏血酸和GSH细胞水平的机制失败， 它们和其他小分子是丢失的脑细胞。 底层 该建议的前提是细胞内抗坏血酸和GSH的损失 脑缺血会使脑细胞容易受到氧化损伤。 尽管 抗坏血酸和GSH在抗氧化网络中的中心作用， 令人惊讶的是，人们对调节它们的机制知之甚少。 中枢神经系统的稳态。 研究的长期目标是 确定调节CNS中抗氧化剂稳态的机制， 这是发展适当的 治疗 初步数据显示抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽水平下降 随年龄和性别而变化。 这些数据与人类 流行病学，这表明中风的发病率和严重程度增加， 而在女性中，男性的比例更高。 拟议的研究， 因此，必须解决决定年龄和性别的因素， 差异 实验将使用HPLC测定组织中的总抗坏血酸盐 和GSH，以及组织学方法来评估组织损伤和抗氧化剂 神经保护 此外，还提供了一些工具， 抗坏血酸（[Asc]o）的细胞外水平。 使用碳的伏安法 纤维微电极法检测离体脑片中的[Asc]o， 大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）后，然后将这些联合收割机 用总组织抗坏血酸盐含量的数据计算[Asc]i。 具体 目标是： 1. 为了确定抗坏血酸和GSH的差异定位， CNS，强调抗坏血酸存在于神经元和GSH中的假设 是在神经胶质细胞中。 我们将证实抗氧化剂的损失，在老化的大脑和延长 性别研究包括抗氧化酶和铁。 二. 评价 细胞内外抗坏血酸平衡的机制。 体外 实验将检验细胞内和细胞外 抗坏血酸浓度（[Asc]i和[Asc]o）是受稳态调节的 这个过程的动力学随着年龄的增长而变化。 三. 评价 抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽在哪里以及如何保护。 体外实验将测试 抗坏血酸和GSH在细胞内起作用的假说。 四. 到 确定缺血时抗坏血酸和GSH损失的机制。 我们将扩展 初步数据表明，缺血期间抗氧化剂的损失是 在雄性大鼠中高于雌性大鼠。 五、确定关系 细胞内抗坏血酸的损失和局部缺血之间的关系。 实验 将检验假设，即[Asc]损失最大的区域是 在局部缺血时损伤程度最大。

Cerebral antioxidants are neuroprotective agents that prevent oxidative injury during normal aerobic metabolism. Ascorbic acid (ascorbate) and glutathione (GSH) are the most abundant antioxidants of low molecular weight in the CNS. At the onset of ischemic injury, energy-dependent mechanisms that maintain cellular levels of ascorbate and GSH fail, so that they and other small molecules are lost brain cells. The underlying premise of this proposal is that loss of intracellular ascorbate and GSH during ischemia leaves brain cells vulnerable to oxidative damage. Despite the central role of ascorbate and GSH in the antioxidant network, surprising little is known about the mechanisms that regulate their homeostasis in the CNS. The long-term objective of the studies is to determine the mechanisms that regulate antioxidant homeostasis in the CNS, which is a necessary first step in the development of appropriate therapies. Preliminary data indicate ascorbate and GSH levels decrease with age and vary with gender. These data are consistent with human epidemiology, which indicate that stroke incidence and severity increase with age and are greater in males than in females. Proposed studies, therefore, will necessarily address factors that govern age and sex differences. Experiments will use HPLC to determine total tissue ascorbate and GSH, and histological methods to evaluate tissue damage and antioxidant neuroprotection. In addition, tools are available to monitor the extracellular levels of ascorbate ([Asc]o). Using voltammetry with carbon fiber microelectrodes, we will detect [Asc]o in brain slice in vitro and after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo, then combine these data with total tissue ascorbate content to calculate [Asc]i. Specific aims are: 1. To determine the differential localization of ascorbate and GSH in the CNS, with emphasis on the hypothesis that ascorbate is in neurons and GSH is in glia. We will confirm antioxidant loss in the aging brain and extend gender studies to include antioxidant enzymes and iron. II. To evaluate the mechanism of intra-and extracellular ascorbate homeostasis. In vitro experiments will test the hypothesis that intra- and extracellular ascorbate concentrations ([Asc]i and [Asc]o) are regulated homeostatically and that the dynamics of this process change with age. III. To evaluate where and how ascorbate and GSH protect. In vitro experiments will test the hypotheses that ascorbate and GSH act intracellularly. IV. To determine mechanisms of ascorbate and GSH loss in ischemia. We will extend preliminary data indicating that loss of antioxidants during ischemia is greater in male rats than in females. V. To determine the relationship between loss of intracellular ascorbate and in focal ischemia. Experiments will test the hypothesis that regions with the greatest loss of [Asc]i during ischemia have the greatest extent of damage.