Hyper-Kamiokande construction

Hyper-Kamiokande将既是发现中微子性质的显微镜，也是观察宇宙的中微子望远镜。Hyper-K的物理目标与STFC科学挑战相一致，需要在当前实验的基础上在强度、大小和精度上进行阶梯式变化。这是及时的，因为我们的目标超出了现有设施的能力，需要具有更强大光束的新的更大的探测器。我们提议开发用于数据读出、校准、强中微子源[如果获得基础设施拨款]背景噪声抑制的关键部件，这将为英国科学家和工程师创造独特的科学机会。HYPER-Kamiokande是物理科学和工程研究与创新领域内粒子物理和天体物理的大型基础设施。它的主要目标是进行测量，帮助我们了解为什么宇宙中物质比反物质多。它提供了一种最先进的、高精度的基础设施，来自19个国家的科学家将使用该基础设施来解决从2027年起至少20年的运营期间的基本科学问题。基础设施由三个设施组成。第一个是J-PARC(日本)的加速器，能够产生非常强的中微子或反中微子光束。在束流附近，一组探测器(探测器附近)和一台中间水切伦科夫探测器(IWCD)决定了束流粒子的初始性质。一个距离束源295公里的远距离探测器(也被称为Hyper-Kamiokande)位于日本Tochibora的一个深矿中，在一个巨大的260公斤重的纯水水箱中测量粒子性质的变化，周围环绕着一系列高性能光电传感器(PMT)。比较中微子和反中微子的性质将提供关于电荷宇称(CP)破坏的独特信息，这将有助于解开宇宙中物质-反物质的不对称性。除了世界上最灵敏的中微子CP破坏搜索外，FAR探测器还将提供一个无与伦比的天文台，在那里将研究宇宙的广泛物理性质。它们包括对质子衰变的搜索，这是一个尚未观察到的过程；对超新星中微子的最准确测量；以及早期宇宙中超新星残存中微子的第一个证据。加速器光束升级、Far探测器挖掘和FAR探测器本身的重要部件于2020年1月获得日本政府的批准。Hyper-K建立在水切伦科夫探测器(神冈和超级神冈)成功传统的基础上，迄今获得了两项诺贝尔奖。在过去的15年里，我们一直是T2K和Super-Kamiokande实验成功的重要组成部分，并获得了2016年度突破物理学奖的认可。我们计划在Hyper-K取得这一成功的基础上再接再厉，我们在该项目的设计中发挥着关键作用。我们通过领导职位拥有强大的影响力，包括两个项目负责人之一，并计划在实验中发挥与我们的规模和经验一致的作用；我们是仅次于日本的Hyper-K最大国家。Hyper-Kamiokande项目利用了英国已经对其前身T2K进行的重要投资，以及在长期基线试验方面所做的大量工作和积累的经验，以及利用来自日本(约5亿英镑)以及其他国家的投资。

Hyper-Kamiokande will be both a microscope for discovering the properties of neutrinos and a neutrino telescope for observing the cosmos.Hyper-K's physics goals, aligned with the STFC Science Challenges, require a step-change in intensity, magnitude and precision over current experiments. This is timely as our objectives exceed the capabilities of the current facilities and new larger detectors with a more powerful beam are needed.We propose to develop key components for data-readout, calibration, an intense neutrino source [if awarded the infrastructure grant] background noise suppression that will create unique scientific opportunities for UK scientists and engineers. \Hyper-Kamiokande is a large infrastructure for particle physics and astrophysics within the Physical Sciences & Engineering research and innovation spectrum. Its main goal is to make measurements that will help us to understand why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe. It provides a state-of-the-art, high-precision infrastructure that will be used by scientists from 19 countries to address fundamental scientific questions during its period of operation of at least 20 years from 2027. The infrastructure consists of three facilities. The first is an accelerator at J-PARC (Japan) capable of producing a very intense beam of neutrinos or antineutrinos. Close to the beam an assembly of detectors (near detectors) and an Intermediate Water Cherenkov detector (IWCD) determine the initial properties of the beam particles. A far detector (also called Hyper-Kamiokande) 295km from the beam source and situated in a deep mine in Tochibora (Japan) measures the changes in the particles' properties in a vast 260kton tank of pure water surrounded by an array of high-performance photosensors (PMTs). Comparing neutrino and antineutrino properties will provide unique information on Charge-Parity (CP) violation that will help to unravel the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe. In addition to the world's most sensitive search for neutrino CP violation, the far detector will provide an unparalleled observatory in which a wide range of physical properties of the Universe will be investigated. They include searches for proton decay, a process not yet observed; the most accurate measurement of neutrinos from supernovae; and the first evidence of relic neutrinos from supernovae in the early Universe. The accelerator beam upgrade, far-detector excavation and significant parts of the far detector itself were approved in January 2020 by the Japanese government. Hyper-K builds on a successful tradition of water Cherenkov detectors (Kamioka and Super-Kamiokande), with two Nobel Prizes awarded so far. Over the last 15 years, we have been an important part of the success of the T2K and Super-Kamiokande experiments recognised by the award of the 2016 Breakthrough Prize in Physics. We plan to build on this success within Hyper-K, where we play a key role in designing the project. We have strong influence through leadership positions, including one of the two Project Leaders, and plan to play a role in the experiment consistent with our size and experience; we are the largest country in Hyper-K after Japan. The Hyper-Kamiokande project leverages the important investment the UK has already made in its predecessor T2K and considerable work and accumulated experience in long-baseline experiments as well as leveraging on investments from Japan (around half a billion GBP) as well as other countries.