What is the role of urban morphology in agglomeration economies?

越来越多的人一致认为，大城市通过提供更大的“集聚经济”来提高生产率和经济增长。本文试图了解城市规模是否是产生集聚经济的唯一重要因素，或者城市的空间组织是否也可能发挥作用。特别是，这项研究探索了“共享、匹配和学习”机制(Duranton和Puga，2003)如何在城市中发挥作用，以及城市街道网络如何塑造这些机制。在这里，“分享”包括共同使用不可分割的公共产品、市场场所和供应链；“匹配”包括劳动力市场中技术人员的互补匹配；而“学习”包括传播知识和新的做事方式。虽然这些机制被广泛认为对集聚经济很重要，但对于它们如何在城市中具体发挥作用，以及它们可能如何受到建成环境的影响，人们了解得较少。英国曼彻斯特被选为一个案例研究，特别关注集中在市中心的纺织业，与英国其他地区相比，纺织业的生产率特别高。考虑到政府的新产业战略，分析曼彻斯特等城市集聚经济的空间维度是及时的。此外，英国城市正在获得新的权力，通过权力下放来影响空间设计和基础设施，并将受益于了解这些权力可能如何影响未来的经济增长。主要有三个研究阶段：-对曼彻斯特副城市层面的行业和技能数据的分析。这将使我们能够更好地了解这两个行业以及拥有不同技能的人是如何在城市结构中分散自己的，以及这可能如何促进或阻碍网络的形成-从而形成集聚经济。除了空间句法分析外，这项分析还将利用哈佛成长实验室开发的“行业空间”图。行业空间图不仅仅是绘制经济多样性图，而是分析不同行业如何通过共享的技能和知识联系在一起。-将开展一项人种学案例研究，以更好地了解城市空间在曼彻斯特北部纺织业的“共享、学习和匹配”经济中的作用。伦敦东部的另一个案例研究将作为比较；-基于通过人种学和城市层面研究制定的假设，论文将利用现有的一套空间句法地图，探索其他全球城市的空间结构与生产力指标之间的潜在联系，以及经合组织大都市数据库。该论文在开展具体研究以探索城市集聚经济的空间方面具有创新性。本文特别借鉴了空间句法和行业空间地图两种方法，并首次将这两种方法结合起来。这也是第一次在整个城市范围内绘制“行业空间”模型。此外，尽管空间句法分析已经被用来分析建筑设计对创新和知识共享的影响，但类似的方法还没有在城市规模上进行。这项研究有助于EPSRC的任务，以提高英国的经济竞争力，同时也与“制造未来”的研究主题相联系，其重点是纺织业。这项研究正在与哈佛增长实验室的Frank Neffke、曼彻斯特新经济的John Holden和Rupert Greenlagh以及OECD城市计划负责人Rudiger Ahrend密切联系进行。

There is increasing agreement that larger cities boost productivity and economic growth through offering greater 'agglomeration economies'. This thesis seeks to understand whether the size of cities is the only important factor in generating agglomeration economies, or whether the spatial organisation of cities may also play a role. In particular, the research explores how 'sharing, matching and learning' mechanisms (Duranton and Puga, 2003) work in cities, and how these are shaped by urban street networks. Here, 'sharing' includes the joint use of indivisible public goods, market places and supply chains; 'matching' includes complementary matches of skilled people in the labour market; while 'learning' includes the spread of knowledge and new ways of doing things. While these mechanisms are widely recognised as being important to agglomeration economies, there is less understanding of how they work concretely in cities, and how they might be influenced by the built environment. Manchester in the UK has been chosen as a case study, with a particular focus on the textiles sector, which is concentrated in the city centre, and which is particularly productive compared with elsewhere in the UK. Analysing the spatial dimensions of agglomeration economies in cities such as Manchester is timely given the government's new industrial strategy. Further, UK cities have been gaining new powers to influence spatial design and infrastructure through devolution, and will benefit from understanding how such powers might influence future economic growth.There are three main research stages: - an analysis of data on industries and skills at a sub-city level in Manchester. This will enable a better understanding of how both industries, and people with different skills, spread themselves out across the urban fabric, and how this may facilitate or obstruct network formation - and hence agglomeration economies. This analysis will draw on 'industry space' mapping developed by Harvard Grown Lab, in addition to space syntax analysis. Industry space mapping goes beyond simply mapping economic diversity, to analyse how different industries are linked through shared skills sets and knowledge. - an ethnographic case study will be carried out to better understand the role of urban space in 'sharing, learning and matching' economies in the textiles industry in north Manchester. An additional case study in East London will serve as a comparator; - drawing on hypotheses developed through the ethnographic and city level research, the thesis will explore potential links between the spatial configuration of other global cities with productivity indicators, drawing on an existing set of space syntax maps, and the OECD Metropolitan Database.The thesis is novel in developing concrete research to explore the spatial aspects of agglomeration economies in cities. The thesis draws on two methodologies in particular - space syntax, and 'industry space mapping' and brings them together for the first time. This is also the first time that the 'industry space' model has been mapped spatially across a city. Further, while space syntax analysis has been previously used to analyse the influence of building design on innovation and knowledge sharing, a similar approach has not been made at the urban scale.This study contributes to the EPSRC remit to boost economic competitiveness in the UK, while also linking to the research theme of 'Manufacturing the Future', with its strong focus on the textiles industry.The research is being carried out in close contact with Frank Neffke at the Harvard Growth Lab, with John Holden and Rupert Greenlagh at Manchester New Economy, and with Rudiger Ahrend, Head of the OECD Urban Programme.