Sounds in the sea: how can we listen from ocean gliders?

海洋声音测量有着悠久的历史，但自动驾驶汽车的出现为全深度、高分辨率、全年监测提供了新的机会。随着海洋变得越来越嘈杂，我们需要了解和开发新的智能，高效的系统来检测降雨，风，船舶或工业噪音，以及海洋哺乳动物的叫声。在这个项目中，皮埃尔将探索海洋滑翔机在海洋声学测绘方面的科学潜力，并评估我们可以从这些测量中了解到的海洋环境。2014年，东英吉利大学和滑翔机制造商康士伯公司在地中海的一次活动中，在我们的滑翔机上试用了被动声学监测（PAM）传感器。该试验数据集可用于本项目的分析。与此同时，SAMS还开发了漂流耳朵，这是一种自由漂流的智能传感器，用于测量水下声音，重点是海洋哺乳动物的探测。Cefas正在为他们的波浪滑翔机开发PAM技术，并在分析系泊处的PAM传感器数据方面拥有丰富的经验。这个博士学位结合了这些专业知识，提供了一个令人兴奋的项目，在开发这种新能力的前沿。根据皮埃尔的兴趣，该项目可能侧重于海洋哺乳动物探测、海洋人为噪音、降雨或这些应用的组合。我们将为东英吉利大学的一架滑翔机配备新开发的PAM传感器，皮埃尔将在实验室和皮埃尔自己的专用部署中探索其用途，这可能是在英国大陆架海域，或者在印度洋作为第二届国际印度洋实验的一部分。Pierre将1)使用uea最先进的海水水箱来试验PAM传感器，并开发新的智能信号处理技术，以评估和消除滑翔机操作的声音，如泵和马达。2)进行滑翔机PAM传感器部署，并分析海洋哺乳动物、船舶和其他噪声源的信号，以确定最终的声景观。可能需要一种新的数据处理方法来解释滑翔机的剖面路径。将与滑翔机制造商一起进行“徘徊”能力的实验和开发。Pierre将与SAMS和Cefas的声学专家密切合作，他们在处理声学数据和提取特定应用的相关信号方面经验丰富。例如，SAMS的海洋生物学家使用声音来识别特定种类的海洋哺乳动物的存在，Cefas监测与北海打桩和风力发电场相关的声音影响。NEXUSS CDT为环境科学提供尖端智能和自主观测系统的应用和开发方面的最先进，经验丰富的培训，以及全面的个人和专业发展。通过与广泛的学术、研究和工业/政府/政策合作伙伴网络的互动，学生将有广泛的机会扩展他们的多学科视野。皮埃尔将在COAS注册和托管，并将在SAMS和Cefas工作很长一段时间。东英吉利大学因其在海洋和大气科学方面的专业知识而享誉全球，是英国唯一一所拥有并运营自己的海洋滑翔机队的大学。SAMS还在北大西洋进行滑翔机调查，并且在创新技术开发方面有着悠久的历史。Cefas是负责监测英国水域的机构。将这个项目纳入所有这些小组将使皮埃尔有机会向顶级科学家学习。具体训练将包括：-海洋滑翔机驾驶、操作和数据分析-海洋学和海洋生物学-声学-大型声学数据集的计算和信号处理-航海和海洋数据收集技能-传感器集成和开发的工程挑战。

Measurement of sound in the sea has a long history but the advent of autonomous vehicles offers a new opportunity for full-depth, high-resolution, year-round monitoring. As the oceans become ever noisier, we need to understand and develop new smart, efficient systems to detect rainfall, wind, shipping or industrial noise, and marine mammal calls. In this project Pierre will explore the scientific potential of ocean gliders for marine acoustic mapping, and assess what we can learn about the marine environment from such measurements.UEA and the glider manufacturer Kongsberg trialled passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) sensors on our gliders during a 2014 campaign in the Mediterranean. This pilot data set is available for analysis for this project. In parallel, SAMS have developed Drifting Ears, freely drifting smart sensors to measure underwater sound with a focus on marine mammal detection. Cefas are developing PAM technology for their Wavegliders and have extensive experience of analysing PAM sensor data from moorings. This PhD combines this expertise to provide an exciting project at the cutting edge of developing this new capability. Depending on Pierre's interests, the project may have an emphasis on applications for marine mammal detection, marine anthropogenic noise, rainfall or a combination of these.We will equip one of the UEA Seagliders with a newly developed PAM sensor and Pierre will explore its use both in the laboratory and in Pierre's own dedicated deployment, which may be in UK shelf seas, or in the Indian Ocean as part of the 2nd International Indian Ocean Experiment. Pierre will 1) use UEAs state-of-the-art seawater tank to trial the PAM sensor and develop new smart signal processing techniques to assess and remove the sounds of the glider manoeuvres, such as pumps and motors and 2) undertake a glider PAM sensor deployment and analyse the signals of marine mammals, ships and other sources of noise to determine the resulting soundscape.A novel data processing method to account for the glider's profiling path may be necessary. Experimentation and development of a 'loitering' capability will be undertaken with the glider manufacturers.Pierre will work closely with SAMS and Cefas acoustics experts, who are experienced in processing acoustic data and extracting relevant signals for particular applications. For example, marine biologists at SAMS use sound to identify the presence of particular species of marine mammals, and Cefas monitor the impacts of sound associated with pile driving and windfarms in the North Sea. The NEXUSS CDT provides state-of-the-art, highly experiential training in the application and development of cutting-edge Smart and Autonomous Observing Systems for the environmental sciences, alongside comprehensive personal and professional development. There will be extensive opportunities for students to expand their multi-disciplinary outlook through interactions with a wide network of academic, research and industrial / government / policy partners. Pierre will be registered and hosted in COAS and will also spend significant periods of time working at SAMS and Cefas. UEA is renowned globally for its expertise in marine and atmospheric science, and is the only UK university to own and operate its own fleet of ocean gliders. SAMS also runs a glider survey operationally in the North Atlantic, and has a long history of innovative technological development. Cefas is the agency tasked with monitoring the UK's waters. Embedding this project within all these groups will give Pierre exceptional access to learning from top scientists. Specific training will include: - ocean glider piloting, operation, and data analysis- oceanography and marine biology- acoustics- computing and signal processing of large acoustic data sets- seagoing and marine data collection skills- engineering challenges for sensor integration and development.