A study of Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Efficient Technologies for Off-grid Community Residential Buildings in High Solar Radiation Regions

确定合适的独立可再生能源系统；已经确定了两个系统(a)提供电力和热水的高度集中的光电系统和(b)生产氢气的太阳能电解系统，用作能源储存和烹饪；确定合适的节能技术；一种很有前途的低成本技术已经被确定——用于建筑外部围护结构的反射（冷）涂料，以减少热量传递到内部空间。确定适合住宅建筑的自主技术和系统，以减少能源需求，并开发与可再生能源系统相关的能源管理系统；对(a)高聚光光伏系统，(b)太阳能电解槽系统和(c)反射（冷）漆进行生命周期分析。高聚光光伏系统是一种先进的商业技术，由于效率的不断提高，在高太阳辐射区域的应用正在不断地被研究和开发。反光（冷）涂料是一种高科技低成本技术，用于改善自然通风房屋的热舒适性，减少空调房屋的能源需求。太阳能电解槽系统将用于进一步提高可再生能源系统的灵活性（通过生产氢气用于储能和烹饪），从而提高离网能源供应系统的整体效率。对两个独立的可再生能源系统和一个节能技术的整体能源和生命周期分析将有助于在独立的可再生能源系统领域的知识，离网社区发展的新方法方法，这项研究的结果将为决策者和政策制定者提供环境和经济指标的测量，以推动可持续发展。研究方法包括理论和计算建模以及现场测量。将使用的计算工具是EnergyPlus，用于热和能量建模，SimaPro用于LCA建模。将进行以下研究任务：EnergyPlus将用于模拟使用和不使用节能技术的能源消耗和热水使用。能源效率技术的结果将用于确定高浓缩光伏系统和储氢装置的尺寸；来自巴勒莫高浓缩光伏模块装置的实验数据将用于校准理论模型，为社区所需电力和热水的供应提供可靠的预测；来自巴勒莫和波特莫尔房屋的实验数据将用于校准EP模型，以确保模拟的准确性。此外，Portmore的一个制冷屋顶装置将用于校准EnergyPlus生命周期分析，将使用SimaPro来评估所研究的高聚光光伏系统、太阳能电解槽系统和反射（制冷）油漆的包含能量、运行能量和环境影响。生命周期分析所需的数据将来自合作行业（IDEA有限公司和西卡国际）。太阳能电解槽系统的公开数据也将尽可能使用。生命周期分析结果将与现有的电网电力生命周期分析数据进行比较。

Research objectives and questions Identify suitable stand-alone Renewable Energy Systems; two systems have been identified (a) High Concentrated Photovoltaics system to provide electricity and hot water and (b) solar-powered electrolyser system for production of hydrogen to be used as energy storage and cooking; Identify suitable Energy Efficient Technology; one promising low-cost technology has been identified - reflective (cool) paint for the external building envelope to reduce heat transfer to internal space. Identify off-the-self technologies and systems suitable for residential buildings to reduce energy demand and develop an energy management system linked to Renewable Energy Systems;Carry out a Life Cycle Analysis of (a) High Concentrated Photovoltaics system, (b) solar-powered electrolyser system and (c) reflective (cool) paint. Research methodology High Concentrated Photovoltaics system is a state of the art technology that is commercially available and continuously being researched and developed for application in high solar radiation regions because of the continuous increase in efficiency. Reflective (cool) paint is a high tech low-cost technology used to improve thermal comfort in naturally ventilated houses and reduce energy demand in air-conditioned houses. The solar-powered electrolyser system will be used to further increase the flexibility of the Renewable Energy System (via production of hydrogen to be used as energy storage and cooking), and hence the overall efficiency of the off-grid energy provision system. The integral energy and Life Cycle Analysis of the two stand-alone Renewable Energy Systems and one Energy Efficient Technology will contribute to knowledge in the area of stand-alone Renewable Energy System, new methodological approach in the development of off-grid communities and the results from this study will provide decision and policy makers with measurements of environmental and economic indicators in the drive towards sustainability.The research methods are theoretical and computational modelling and field measurements. The computational tools to be used are EnergyPlus for thermal and energy modelling and SimaPro for LCA modelling. The following research task will be carried out: EnergyPlus will be used to model energy consumption and hot water use for with and without Energy Efficient Technologies. The results with Energy Efficient Technologies will be used to size the High Concentrated Photovoltaics system and hydrogen storage; Experimental data from a High Concentrated Photovoltaics module installation in Palermo will be used to calibrate a theoretical model to provide reliable predictions for the provision of required electricity and hot water for the community; Experimental data from houses in Palermo and Portmore will be used to calibrate the EP models to ensure the accuracy of simulations. In addition, a cool roof installation in Portmore will be used to calibrate the EnergyPlus Life Cycle Analysis will be carried out using SimaPro to evaluate the embodied energy, operation energy and environmental impacts of the studied High Concentrated Photovoltaics system, solar-powered electrolyser system and reflective (cool) paint. Data required for Life Cycle Analysis analysis will be sourced from collaborating industry (IDEA Ltd and Sika International). Published data for solar-powered electrolyser system will be also used as far as possible. The Life Cycle Analysis results will be compared with available data of grid electricity Life Cycle Analysis.