DEVELOPING THE THEORY OF PHONOLOGICAL PRACTICE

我们在项目I的目的是发展我们的理论观点的“实用音系学”，即公共语言使用的音系结构。这项研究补充了项目II中关于言语的神经生物学基础的工作，并将为阅读提供有关读者访问的口语基本要素的信息。语音语言的一个核心要求是沟通者通常要达到“对等”，即在发送和接收的信息之间有足够的对等关系。如果没有这一要求，语言的使用就不能用于交流。因为语言是一个进化的系统，所以对等的实现将被选择，因此，语音系统将促进对等的实现。对等促进系统是这样一种系统，在这种系统中，语言中用来使说话者的信息公开的成分，即语音成分，本身就是公共的东西。此外，它们是信息的元素，贯穿于交流的所有阶段;它们是说话者计划的语音信息的元素，在声道中实现并被感知。我们认为，手势（语言上重要的行动声道）是语音原语，保存在每一个阶段的口语交际事件。我们的研究旨在测试和进一步发展这些想法。我们建议发展我们的语音能力理论，发音语音学，通过显示它可以深刻地解决作为语音理论的测试案例的语音系统性。接下来，我们表明，发音语音学的主要成分，手势，也是在话语规划和生产的编码单位。第三，我们试图表明，手势是原始的感知语音结构。我们的最后研究线解决两个中心功能的音系结构在一个实用的音系学。一个是词汇规范;语音元素必须唯一地识别单词，将它们与其他单词区分开来。我们建议确定语音结构如何与词汇知识在言语感知中相互作用。第二个功能是社会认同。人们通过语音结构的特定语音实现来标记他们的社会关系。我们建议研究“手势漂移”，漂移的发言者向手势方言的环境语音社区。

Our aim in Project I is to develop our theoretical perspective on the "practical phonology", that is, on phonological structures of public language use. The research complements work on neurobiological foundations on speech in Project II and will inform on reading about the fundamental elements of the spoken language that readers access. A central requirement of phonological language is that communicators typically achieve "parity," a relation of sufficient equivalence between messages sent and received. Without this requirement, language use would not serve to communicate. Because language is an evolved system, parity achievement will have been selected for, and therefore, phonological systems will foster achievement of parity. A parity fostering system is one in which components of the language that serve to make a speaker's message public, that is, phonological elements, are themselves public things. In addition, they are elements of the message through all phases of an exchange; they are elements of the phonological message as planned by the speaker, as implemented in the vocal tract and as perceived. We propose that gestures (linguistically significant actions of the vocal tract) are the phonological primitives that are preserved in every phase of a spoken communicative event. Our research is designed to test and further develop these ideas. We propose to develop our theory of phonological competence, Articulatory Phonology, by showing that it can insightfully address the kinds of phonological systematicities that serve as test cases for phonological theories. Next we show that the primaries of Articulatory Phonology, gestures, are also units of encoding in utterance planning and production. Third, we attempt to show that gestures are the primitive of perceived phonological structure. Our final lines of research address two central functions of phonological structures in a practical phonology. One is lexical specification; phonological elements must uniquely identify words, distinguishing them from others. We propose to determine how phonological structure interacts with lexical knowledge in speech perception. The second function is social identification. People mark their social affiliations by their particular phonetic implementations of phonological structures. We propose to study "gestural drift", the drift of speakers toward the gestural dialect of the ambient speech community.