Access to blue/green space in healthcare settings or deprived communities to tackle health inequalities.

越来越多的证据表明，绿地对身心健康有益。研究表明，获得绿色空间与更好的健康结果相关，在人们获得绿色空间的地方，与收入相关的健康不平等不那么明显（公共卫生部，2014年）。获得高质量的绿色空间与一系列积极的健康结果相关，包括更好的自我评价健康；较低的身体质量指数、超重和肥胖水平；改善老年人的心理健康和福祉，延长他们的寿命（Bowler， 2010年）。生活在最贫困地区的人不太可能生活在最绿色的地区，因此，与生活在最贫困地区的人相比，他们获得绿色空间的健康益处的机会更少。为所有社会群体增加优质绿色空间的使用可能会改善健康结果并减少健康不平等。它还可以带来其他好处，例如增强社区凝聚力和减少社会孤立。关于绿色空间的距离、数量和类型对特定健康益处的影响，缺乏研究证据。英国公共卫生部门2014年的报告呼吁进行更多的研究，以更准确地调查获得绿色空间与改善健康状况之间的联系。重要的是，许多先前的研究没有考虑到健康公平对不同社会群体的影响。衡量用户的平均人数或以特定的子群体为目标，错过了通过注重改善所有人的提供、质量和可及性来解决卫生不平等问题的机会。过去对干预措施的评估也未能在较长一段时间内跟踪结果，而且往往依赖于调查数据或自我报告的数据。我们需要更强有力的研究设计，在更长的时间内收集信息，并以更有力的客观方式衡量结果，如体重减轻、看全科医生的次数、锻炼的分钟数和强度。因此，由于没有可衡量的健康结果，研究结果中没有增加使用的成本效益（PHE 2014）。有必要更好地了解工作场所、学校周围以及人们日常生活中花费大量时间的地方的绿色空间的影响。利用能够评估复杂公共卫生干预措施的专家的知识和经验来促进我们的理解将是重要的。

There is significant and growing evidence on the physical and mental health benefits of green spaces. Research shows that access to green space is associated with better health outcomes and income-related inequality in health is less pronounced where people have access to green space (PHE 2014). Access to good quality green space is associated with a range of positive health outcomes including better self-rated health; lower body mass index scores, overweight and obesity levels; improved mental health and wellbeing and increased longevity in older people (Bowler 2010) Access to green space is not equal across the population of England. People living in the most deprived areas are less likely to live in the greenest areas, and will therefore have less opportunity to gain the health benefits of green space compared with people living in the least deprived areas. Increasing the use of good quality green space for all social groups is likely to improve health outcomes and reduce health inequalities. It can also bring other benefits such as greater community cohesion and less social isolation. There is a lack of research evidence with regard to the proximity to, amount, and type of green space that has an impact on specific health benefits. The PHE report of 2014 called for more research to more precisely investigate the links between access to green space and improvements in health outcomes. Importantly, many previous studies did not consider the health equity impact for different social groups across the gradient. Measuring average numbers of users or targeting specific sub groups, misses the opportunity to tackle health inequalities by focusing on improving the provision, quality and accessibility for all. Evaluations of interventions in the past have also failed to follow up outcomes over a longer period of time and have too often relied on survey data or self- reported data. Stronger study designs are needed that gather information over a longer period of time and which measure outcomes in more robust objective ways, such as weight loss, number of visits to the GP, number of minutes and intensity of physical activity. The cost effectiveness of increased use is thus missing from study findings as there is no measurable health outcome (PHE 2014). There is a need to better understand the impact of green spaces around workplaces and schools and places where people spend a significant amount of their daily lives. It will be important to utilise the knowledge and experience of specialists who can evaluate complex public health interventions to further our understanding.