FUNCTION OF ALZHEIMER DISEASE PRESENILIN 2

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种破坏性的神经退行性疾病，其导致记忆、认知和异常行为的丧失。 据估计，目前美国AD的发病率约为400万，但由于预期寿命的增加，预计到2020年将上升至1400万。 导致AD的机制尚不清楚，也没有已知的治疗方法。 三个基因的突变已被证明与AD的发展相关; β淀粉样前体蛋白，以及两个高度相关的基因，早老素1和早老素2（PS2）。 这三个基因在神经元中的功能和这些基因突变导致AD的机制都不清楚。 有趣的是，大多数AD相关突变发生在普遍表达的早老素基因中。 有证据表明早老素在发育中起作用，也可能参与程序性细胞死亡（凋亡）的调节。 我们和其他人已经表明，PS2在分裂和非分裂细胞中的过表达诱导凋亡。 此外，我们已经发现，PS2在分裂细胞中的过表达导致细胞停滞在细胞周期的G1期。 有趣的是，这种细胞周期阻滞是由FAD PS2（N141 I）突变增强的。我们建议详细研究PS2过表达导致细胞周期停滞的机制以及与凋亡和AD的关系。在同伴的努力，我们使用酵母双杂交系统，以确定与PS2相互作用的蛋白质。 发现许多假定的相互作用物结合PS2的亲水环和C-末端序列。 这些包括结合PS2环序列的新的钙结合豆蔻酰化蛋白（我们称之为CALMYRIN），和含有结合早老素的C-末端和环序列的泛素样和泛素缔合基序的新蛋白。 有趣的是，钙蛋白并不与PS1的相应环序列结合，据我们所知，钙蛋白是第一个被发现优先结合一种早老素而不结合另一种早老素的蛋白质。 钙蛋白在过表达时引起细胞死亡，并与PS2协同作用，使得双重过表达导致死亡水平是每种蛋白单独表达的两倍。 为了建立一个更全面的了解早老素和蛋白质与它们相互作用，我们建议研究和表征这些假定的相互作用。 最终，我们希望这些研究将有助于更好地了解早老素在正常细胞和AD中的功能。

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that results in loss of memory, cognition, and aberrant behavior. The incidence of AD in the USA is estimated to be approximately 4 million today, but is expected to rise to 14 million by the year 2020 due to an anticipated increase in life expectancy. The mechanisms that cause AD are not known and there is no known cure. Mutations in three genes have been shown to be associated with development of AD; the beta amyloid precursor protein, and two highly related genes, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 (PS2). Neither the functions of these three genes in neurons nor the mechanisms by which mutations in these genes cause AD are known. Interestingly most AD-associated mutations occur in the genes for the presenilins which are ubiquitously expressed. Evidence indicates presenilins function in development and may also be involved in the regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis). We and others have shown that overexpression of PS2 in both dividing and non dividing cells induces apoptosis. Furthermore, we have found that overexpression of PS2 in dividing cells leads to the arrest of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Interestingly, this cell cycle arrest is potentiated by the FAD PS2(N141I) mutation. We propose to study in detail the mechanisms by which PS2 overexpression leads to cell cycle arrest and the relationship to apoptosis and AD. In a companion effort we used the yeast 2-hybrid system to identify proteins that interact with PS2. A number of putative interactors were found to bind the hydrophilic loop and C- terminal sequences of PS2. These include a novel calcium-binding myristoylated protein (which we have termed CALMYRIN) which binds PS2 loop sequences, and a novel protein which contains ubiquitin- like and ubiquitin-association motifs which binds to both the C- terminal and loop sequences of presenilins. Interestingly, calmyrin does not bind as avidly to the corresponding loop sequences of PS1 and to our knowledge is the first protein that has been found to preferentially bind one presenilin and not the other. Calmyrin causes cell death when overexpressed, and acts synergistically with PS2 so that dual overexpression results in twice the level of death compared to expression of each protein individually. In order to build a more global understanding of presenilins and the proteins with which they interact we propose to study and characterize these putative interactors. Eventually we hope these studies will contribute to a better understanding of how presenilins function in normal cells and in AD.