The Geographies Of Energy Justice: Assessing The Implications Of Solar Uptake In Kenya

与撒哈拉以南非洲大部分地区一样，肯尼亚许多地区的电力供应仍然很低，农村和城市人口之间存在空间不平等(全球跟踪框架，2017年；Vera和Landlois，2007年)。随着肯尼亚人口的快速增长(2017年30岁以下人口占40%)，能源需求呈指数级增长(cia.gov，2017；IEA，2017)。肯尼亚正处于能源十字路口，因为政府承诺到2020年为全体人口提供可靠的能源(肯尼亚电力和电力公司，2016)。可再生能源系统，如太阳能光伏(PV)，被认为能够满足这些能源需求，同时创造一条能够满足未来碳减排要求的能源途径(Szabo等人，2011年；Deichmann等人)。2011年；非洲开发银行/经合组织/开发计划署，2017年)。肯尼亚政府将在2016-2021年期间投资21亿美元，通过可再生技术实现农村地区的电气化。预计这将导致用于太阳能发电的微型电网的增加(世博会小组，2018年)。能源正义框架(EJF)借鉴了环境正义运动，提供了一种方法，通过在能源供应链的每个阶段应用权利观点来识别和讨论能源过渡中出现的不平等(McCauley，2018)。该框架强调了必须认识到所有受能源决策影响的人(承认正义)，支持和支持适当的机制，让所有人都参与决策(程序正义)，并确定能源决策的风险和收益如何在空间和时间上在人群中分布(分配正义)(McCauley等人，2013年)。这项研究旨在确定和审查肯尼亚分散的太阳能光伏系统的正义和公平问题。这篇论文将利用EJF的承认、分配和程序能源正义原则来理解如何将社会和环境权利更充分地纳入能源决策过程(McCauley，2018；Arabena和Kingsley，2016)。我的研究的主要目的是评估肯尼亚使用分散式太阳能光伏系统带来的机会和风险的公平性问题。我将在第一阶段定量地理信息系统(GIS)分析的基础上采用混合方法进行研究，以确定关键的利益相关者和太阳能用户在肯尼亚的位置。定性访谈的第二阶段旨在探讨分散太阳能系统的使用带来的风险和好处，并确定将太阳能光伏用户纳入系统管理的程序机制。这一方法建立在Daamgard(2017)分析能源正义问题的方法论方法的基础上，该方法被应用于尼泊尔分散的沼气系统。然而，在肯尼亚，还没有案例研究将这种方法应用于太阳能光伏系统的能源正义研究。

For many parts of Kenya, as in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, access to electricity remains low, and spatial inequalities exist between rural and urban populations (Global Tracking Framework, 2017; Vera and Landlois, 2007). As Kenya's population increases rapidly with 40% under 30 in 2017, energy demands are rising exponentially (CIA.Gov, 2017; IEA, 2017). Kenya is at an energy crossroads as the government has committed to the provision of reliable energy to the whole population by 2020 (Kenya Power and Light Company, 2016).Renewable energy systems, such as solar photovoltaics (PV), have been suggested as capable of meeting these energy requirements, while creating an energy pathway that can fulfil future carbon reduction requirements (Szabo et al., 2011; Deichmann et al. 2011; AfDB/ OECD/UNDP 2017). The Kenyan government is investing $2.1 billion on the electrification of rural regions through renewable technologies between 2016- 2021. This is expected to lead to an increase in instillation of mini grids for solar power generation (EXPO group, 2018).The Energy Justice Framework (EJF), which draws on the environmental justice movement, offers a way to identify and discuss the inequalities which emerge with an energy transition through the application of a rights perspective at every stage of the energy supply chain (McCauley, 2018). The framework highlights the necessity of recognising all those who are impacted by energy decisions (recognition justice), enabling and supporting appropriate mechanisms for inclusions of all peoples in decision making (procedural justice), and in identifying how risks and benefits of energy decisions are distributed spatially and temporally across populations (distributional justice) (McCauley et al., 2013).This research seeks to identify and examine issues of justice and equity with regard to decentralised solar PV energy systems in Kenya. The thesis will utilise the EJF principles of recognition, distributional and procedural energy justice to understand the ways in which social and environmental rights can be incorporated more fully in energy decision making processes (McCauley, 2018; Arabena and Kingsley, 2016). The primary aim of my research is to evaluate the issues of equity in the opportunities and risks emerging from the use of decentralised solar PV systems in Kenya.I will employ a mixed method approach for research based upon a first phase of quantitative Geographical Information Systems (GIS) analysis, to identify where key stakeholders and users of solar power are located in Kenya. A second phase of qualitative interviews aims to explore risks and benefits emerging from the use of decentralised solar systems, and to identify procedural mechanisms for the inclusion of solar PV users in system management. This approach builds on Daamgard's (2017) methodological approach to analyse energy justice concerns, which was applied to decentralised biogas systems in Nepal. However, there have been no case studies which have applied this methodology to energy justice research on solar PV systems in Kenya.