Dispersion & Emission of biogenic aerosols in Antarctica and Atlantic Ocean

南极海洋-冰-大气系统仍然是地球上最后一个得到充分探索的地区之一。最近的理解表明，当表面冰融化时，这些系统之间可能存在潜在的强反馈。这些在海洋、冰表面、云和气溶胶之间的反馈过程可能是非常非线性的，并且与高度空间异质性的过程耦合在一起。由于几乎完全缺乏对各种不同气溶胶类型及其来源的定量观测，对生物源和非生物源的区域海洋和远程运输的贡献，对南极大气中的这些反馈过程了解甚少。这些因素目前如何促成和影响该地区云和降水的形成，更重要的是，未来这些因素将如何变化，目前还不得而知。了解该地区气溶胶种群的排放和进化，以及它们在南方夏冬季节如何随着生物活动和太阳输入而变化，是理解和模拟该大陆对气候变暖的反应以回答这些问题的关键开始。在这个项目中，学生将使用实时气溶胶质谱和UVLIF单粒子光谱技术来检测和量化空气中的气溶胶，包括它们的有机和无机化学成分以及初级生物气溶胶（PBA），以确定它们的来源、排放率和分散模式。与英国南极调查局合作，将在RRS Attenborough上使用这些连续采样技术绘制大西洋的全球N-S样带。该船将横切赤道地区，包括非洲的生物质燃烧和粉尘流出地区，最终采样南大洋/威德尔海地区。海地区。这项工作将由BAS和曼彻斯特大学的科学家共同完成，目的是结合对这些生物气溶胶的海洋-大气排放过程的更深入了解，并利用长期季节性观测将其置于气候变化背景下。这项工作还将包括对nss硫酸盐和其他有机化合物的化学盒模拟，以解释在样带期间测量到的不同气溶胶种群。气溶胶与云的相互作用被认为是当前气候模式中最大的不确定性，特别是在南极洲等偏远地区。此外，还将考虑使用UVLIF技术进行冰架采样以及威德尔海岛屿排放源（包括生物气溶胶）的可能性。这项研究还将包括为今后关于南极生态系统发展的影响的研究提供量化观测，这些影响是由于初级生物颗粒（细菌、真菌孢子和花粉）的远距离迁移和随后的南极大陆内扩散，以及混合的混合灰尘和生物材料。新的实时测量技术现在可以快速检测到这些颗粒的一般类别的浓度，并且相对容易地允许对这些过程进行详细研究。根据供资情况，这项工作可能与拟议的南极洲生物气溶胶长期季节性监测相结合。

The Antarctic ocean-ice-atmosphere system remains one of the last fully explored regions on the planet. Recent understanding has shown that there can be potentially strong feedbacks between these systems as surface ice melts. These feedback processes between ocean, ice surfaces clouds and aerosols can be very nonlinear and coupled with highly spatially heterogeneous processes. These feedback processes are very poorly understood in the Antarctic atmospheric due to an almost complete lack of quantitative observations of the various different aerosol type, their sources, the contributions due to regional oceanic as well as long range transport, of both biogenic and non-biogenic sources. How these currently contribute and influence cloud and precipitation formation in the region, and more importantly how this will change in future is unknown. Knowing the emission and evolution of the regions aerosol populations and how these change over the Austral Summer-Winter season in response to biogenic activity and solar input is a critical start to enabling understanding and modeling the continent's response to climate warming to answer these questions. In this project the student will make use of real-time aerosol mass spectrometry and UVLIF single particle spectrometric techniques for detection and quantification of airborne aerosol including their organic and inorganic chemical composition as well as primary biological aerosols (PBA), to identify their sources, emission rates, and dispersion patterns. A global N-S transect of the Atlantic Ocean using these continuous sampling techniques will be made on the RRS Attenborough in collaboration with British Antarctic Survey. The ship will transect the equatorial region including the biomass burning and dust outflow regions from Africa eventually sampling the Southern Ocean/Weddell Sea region. Sea region. The objective of this work, which will be conducted with scientists at BAS and Manchester, will be to combine a deeper knowledge of ocean-atmosphere emission processes of these biogenic aerosols and place them in a climate change context using the long term seasonal observations. The work will also include chemical box modelling of nss sulphate and other organic compounds to interpret the diverse aerosol populations measured during the transect. Aerosol-cloud interactions are recognized as the largest uncertainty in current climate models particularly for remote regions such as Antarctica. Furthermore there will be potential for ice shelf sampling as well as Weddell Sea island emission sources including bioaerosols using UVLIF techniques will also be considered. The study will also encompass providing quantifying observations for future studies on the impact of Antarctic ecosystem development due to long-range transport and subsequent Antarctic intra-continent dispersion of primary biological particles (bacteria, fungal spores and pollen) as well as mixed mixed dust and biological material. New real-time measurement techniques now allow the concentrations of general classes of these particles to be detected rapidly, with relative ease allowing these processes to be investigated in detail. Depending on funding this work may be combined with proposed long term seasonal monitoring of biogenic aerosols in Antarctica.