Cyber-threats and the ethics of international aggression: Reconsidering Just War Theory in the 21st century

21世纪的正义战争理论应该如何构建？国际侵略性质的最近和持续变化挑战了传统正义战争理论的基础。网络行动提供了一个透镜，显示战争的明确划界正变得越来越困难。如果没有这种划分，传统的正义战争理论，把战争作为一种特殊的道德环境，不能提供一个适合21世纪世纪的伦理框架。它从概念上对正义战争理论的有效性提出了挑战，并将两条思路结合起来。首先，以网络行动为例，说明战争的定义在本质上是模糊的。这就使得认为支配战争的道德规则不同于支配其他情况的道德规则的观点站不住脚。这一论点与当前还原主义者对麦克马汉和弗罗等正义战争理论的挑战并行不悖，并加强了这种挑战。其次，同样的例子也被用来证明，我们对战争所带来的道德挑战的直觉并不取决于发动战争的方法，而是基于对个人或群体所遭受的大规模伤害的担忧。这种观点的变化反映了最近由森和努斯鲍姆领导的发展和自由概念的变化。其结果是对正义战争理论的有效性的强烈挑战，并提供了一个替代的道德框架，该框架基于对自由，发展和正义的伤害的想法，可以适用于所有国际侵略行为。

How should just war theory be framed in the 21st century? The recent and continuing changes in the nature of international aggression challenge the foundations of traditional just war theory. Cyberactionsprovide a lens that shows that the clear demarcation of war is becoming increasingly difficult. Without this demarcation, traditional just war theory, which treats war as an exceptional moralcircumstance, cannot provide an ethical framework appropriate for the 21st century.This project broadens the arguments in my MA thesis. It conceptually challenges the validity of just war theory by combining two threads of thought. Firstly, examples of cyber-actions are used to show thatthe definition of war is substantially blurred. This makes untenable the view that the moral rules governing war are distinct from those governing other contexts. This argument runs parallel to, andstrengthens, current reductivist challenges to just war theory such as those of McMahan and Frowe.Secondly, the same examples are used to argue that our intuitions about the moral challenges presented by war are not dependent on the methods of waging war, but are rather grounded inconcerns about the mass harm to individuals or groups. This change of view mirrors the recent change in the concepts of development and freedom that has been led by Sen and Nussbaum. Theresult is a strong challenge to the validity of just war theory and the provision of an alternative moral framework based on an idea of harm in respect of freedom, development and justice, that may beapplied to all acts of international aggression.