From Water to Steam: The transition from renewable energy to coal during Scotland's Industrial Revolution

目的:1。19世纪中期OS第一版中绘制的苏格兰水磨分布的GIS文档，以便对水磨位置的地形/地貌控制进行严格（定量）评估；每天在家。以一些这样的工厂为案例研究，调查工业从水到蒸汽的转变。在《化石资本的起源》一书中，马尔姆对19世纪工业革命期间从水力转向蒸汽的普遍解释提出了质疑。马尔姆认为这种解释——“水车和其他传统的原动机……不能提供[工业]所需的能量”(2013,23)-是有限的，水力发电比蒸汽有许多优点，包括成本更低，可靠性更高。马尔姆的年表意味着，如果适用于苏格兰，到19世纪中期的OS映射时，向蒸汽的转换应该基本上完成了。学生将考察的主要问题是：马尔姆的结论（主要基于英格兰中部地区）在多大程度上与苏格兰有关？(1)苏格兰的地貌和水文与中部地区不同，苏格兰的几个大型人口中心，如格拉斯哥、珀斯和佩斯利，在整个19世纪都有水力工业；(2)在某些情况下，如新拉纳克、迪安斯顿、斯坦利和卡特琳，苏格兰的实业家们真的把人口迁移到地貌和水文上并在最适合水力发电的地方建立了工厂？-苏格兰水磨的地貌环境与英格兰南部水磨的地貌环境不同吗？本博士将使用地理参考19世纪中期OS第一版地图和高分辨率数字高程模型来评估苏格兰工厂是否优先位于最适合水轮效率的冰川变陡河流附近。这种地理参考历史地图直到最近才可用，地理信息系统中工厂的地理位置将允许定量评估工厂位置与河流坡度、地貌和城市中心的接近程度有关。学生将特别关注城市中心的水磨，以评估更陡峭的河流是否是这些中心水磨的首选位置。早期的城市地图将能够评估这些城市工厂的位置是否反映了早期“前工业化”位置的惯性延续，还是积极的选择。-在苏格兰的大型城市中心，水力工业存在的时间更长吗？这些中心转向蒸汽的时间与马尔姆提出的时间不同吗？学生将考察他们选择的几个行业，如棉花工业和谷物加工，后者在格拉斯哥有一个持久的水力历史。城市中心将特别有趣，因为它们位于沿海河流的河口，这些河口将经历苏格兰冰川后的隆起，沿海河流的主要影响是陡峭河段的发展，非常适合水力发电（Bishop et al., 2005）。像格拉斯哥这样的城市也将作为优秀的案例研究地点，因为它们在蒸汽动力发展中的核心作用。-这个建议项目所追求的主题如何使环境史和历史地理学在地理禀赋对发展道路的相对贡献方面的讨论得以参与和进一步发展？苏格兰水磨的历史在多大程度上为文化和经济史上关于技术在18世纪和19世纪“增长文化”发展中的作用的更广泛辩论提供了信息（Mokyr 2016）？学生将更广泛地评估向蒸汽的转变在多大程度上是启蒙运动关于进步有用性信念的一部分，尽管有证据表明旧技术在某些方面更优越。

Aims:1. GIS documentation of the distribution of water mills across Scotland as mapped on the mid-19th-century OS First Edition, to enable rigorous (quantitative) assessment of topographic/ geomorphological control of mill location; and2. using a number of these mills as case studies to investigate industry's switch from water to steam.In 'The origins of fossil capital', Malm questions the common explanation for the 19th-century shift from water power to steam during the Industrial Revolution. Malm argues that this explanation - that "water wheels and other traditional prime movers ... could not deliver [industry's] requisite quantities of energy" (2013, 23) - is limited and that water power had many advantages over steam, including lower cost and greater reliability. Malm's chronology means that, if applicable to Scotland, the switch to steam should have been essentially complete by the mid-19th-century OS mapping.The primary questions the student will examine are:- to what extent do Malm's conclusions (largely based on the English Midlands) relate to Scotland (i) where the geomorphology and hydrology are different from the Midlands, and several large Scottish population centres, such as Glasgow, Perth and Paisley, had water-powered industry throughout the 19th century, and (ii) where, in some situations, such as New Lanark, Deanston, Stanley and Catrine, Scottish industrialists actually moved the population to the geomorphology and hydrology and established factory complexes in locations optimal for water power?- does the geomorphological setting of Scottish water mills differ from southern English mill settings? This PhD will use the geo-referenced mid-19th-century OS First Edition mapping and high resolution digital elevation models to assess whether or not Scottish mills are preferentially located adjacent to the glacially-steepened river reaches best suited to water wheel efficiency. This georeferenced historical mapping has only recently become available, and the geolocation of mills within a GIS will allow quantitative assessment of mill location in relation to river gradient, geomorphology, and proximity to urban centres. The student will pay particular attention to water mills in urban centres, to assess whether steeper river reaches were the preferred locations of water mills in such centres. Earlier urban maps will enable assessment of whether these urban mill locations reflect inertial continuation of earlier 'pre-industrial' locations or were positive choices.- did water-powered industry persist longer in large urban centres in Scotland and does the timing of the shift to steam in these centres differ from that proposed by Malm? The student will examine several industries of their choice, such as the cotton industry and grain-milling, the latter having a persistent history of water power in Glasgow. The urban centres will be particularly interesting because they are located in the estuaries of coastal rivers that would have experienced Scotland's post-glacial uplift, a major effect of which in coastal rivers has been the development of steep reaches, well-suited to water power (Bishop et al., 2005). Cities like Glasgow will also act as excellent case-study sites because of their central role in the development of steam power.- how do themes pursued in this proposed project allow engagement and furthering of debates in environmental history and historical geography regarding the relative contribution of geographical endowments to development paths? How far does the history of Scottish water mills inform wider debates in cultural and economic history regarding the role of technology in the development of a 'culture of growth' during the 18th and 19th centuries (Mokyr 2016)? The student will more broadly assess the extent to which the shift to steam was part of the emerging Enlightenment belief in the usefulness of progress, despite evidence that older technologies were in some ways superior.