Stretching the Evidence: An examination of the English Landscape through a Geographical Information System (GIS), 1573-1700.

本研究采用了一种新的技术方法，景观调查重点是三个不相邻的县：康沃尔郡，莱斯特郡和诺福克考虑在其他问题之间的景观支付不同的地理区域。该项目是创新的，在其使用地理信息系统在一个模型中映射景观和文学观察：提出的结果作为一个地理信息系统数据集。这项研究将进一步发展成为一个独立的网络互动地图，使用国家网格参考系统。这项研究借鉴了两位早期英国制图师的工作。克里斯托弗·萨克斯顿的《英格兰和威尔士1573-1579年的地图集》和约翰·斯皮德的《大不列颠帝国的剧院》出版于1603-1611年。古物主义的发展在十六世纪完成了对英国国家身份的形式，县的历史搜索。约翰尼科尔斯和威廉伯顿（莱斯特郡），弗朗西斯布鲁姆菲尔德和查尔斯帕金（诺福克），理查德卡鲁（康沃尔）写的作品将与威廉卡姆登，约翰莱兰，威廉哈里森和诗人迈克尔德雷顿的作品一起分析，以观察景观。结合地图学家、古物学家、地方志学家和诗人的数据，同时利用新的工具和方法，为景观研究提供了一个新的领域。唐纳德·史密斯对地图和文学文本的研究调查了地理对斯图亚特-都铎王朝英格兰感知的影响，称为“制图学解释”。伯恩哈德·克莱因（Bernhard Klein）研究了“地图交易”，研究了地图的历史以及地图中的社会和政治空间。安德鲁·麦克雷在考察诗人在圈地过程中如何看待乡村时考虑了文学。最近，Poly-Olbion项目重新审视了Michael Drayton的诗歌，以穿越早期现代英格兰的景观。在克里斯托弗·萨克斯顿和约翰·斯皮德出版的地图上，几乎没有使用新技术进行定量研究。2011年，大卫鲍尔检查了地图集地图安格利亚和墙壁地图不列颠尼亚的平面精度。然而，在一项利用GIS的研究中，还没有对选定的县地图进行深入的比较研究，也没有对制图师和文学作品进行深入的比较研究。将这些地图的数字分析收集的数据与当代古物学家和地方志学家的早期著作结合起来，旨在解决以下研究问题：如何英国景观被认为，描绘和介绍在十六和十七世纪;提供进一步的技术过程的理解，使用和理解，由制图师在早期现代制图;考虑制图员和地方志学家如何看待和报告景观，释放他们对自然世界的理解，揭示传统历史调查方法无法解释的特征。通过采用混合方法，多学科的方法，预计从定性和定量的数据集得出的结果将进一步研究英国当地的景观调查。这项研究将在以前和现在的作品之间寻找一条道路，同时利用计算机辅助分析采用更广泛的来源。这种数据整合方法将允许使用完全可搜索的数据集比较作家，地方，地区和县，从而寻找和提取物理和感知景观的相似性和差异。此外，数据可以不断增加，以扩大该项目用于未来的景观研究。专注于两个制图师和映射在GIS中的当代文学观察允许广泛的区域比较，在整个英格兰，并进入物理和文化的联系与环境。

This study takes a new technical approach into landscape investigations focusing on three non-contiguous counties: Cornwall, Leicestershire and Norfolk to consider among other questions how the landscape pays differed between dissimilar geographical regions. The project is innovational in its use of GIS to map both the landscape and the literary observations within one model: presenting the results as a GIS dataset. The research will be further developed into a standalone web-based interactive map using the National Grid reference system. This study draws upon the work of two early English cartographers. Christopher Saxton's Atlas of the Counties of England and Wales 1573-1579 and John Speed's The theatre of the empire of Great Britaine published in 1603-1611. The development of Antiquarianism during the sixteenth century fulfilled the search for an English national identity in the form of county histories. Works penned by John Nichols and William Burton (Leicestershire), Francis Blomefield and Charles Parkin (Norfolk), and Richard Carew (Cornwall) will be analysed alongside the writings of William Camden, John Leyland, William Harrison and poet Michael Drayton for observations of the landscape. Combining data from cartographers, antiquarians, chorographers and poets whilst utilising new tools and methods offers a new area of research into landscape.The relationship between cartography and literary works has recently gained much attention. Donald Smith's examination of maps and literary texts investigated the impact geography had on perceptions in Stuart-Tudor England, termed 'the cartographic imagination'. Bernhard Klein examined the 'cartographic transaction', looking at cartographic history and the social and political space in maps. Andrew McRae considers literature in his examination of how the poets viewed the countryside during the process of enclosing. More recently, the Poly-Olbion project revisited the poetry of Michael Drayton to walk through the landscape of early modern England. Few quantitative studies using new technologies have been carried out on maps published by Christopher Saxton and John Speed. In 2011, David Bower examined the planimetric accuracy of the atlas map Anglia and the wall map Britannia. However, there has been no in-depth comparative investigation across selected county maps, and/or between both cartographers in tandem with literary writings under one study utilising GIS.Conjoining data gleaned from the digital analysis of these maps with earlier writings from the contemporary antiquarians and chorographers seeks to address research questions into: how the English landscape was perceived, portrayed and presented in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; offer further understanding of the technical processes, used and understood, by the cartographers in early modern mapping; consider how the cartographers and chorographers viewed and reported the landscape, unlocking their understanding of the natural world and revealing features unaccounted for by traditional methods of historical investigation. By employing a mixed-method, multidisciplinary methodology, it is anticipated the results derived from a qualitative and quantitative data-set will further research into English local landscape investigations. This study will thread a path between previous and current works whilst employing a wider range of sources utilising computer aided analysis.This data-integration approach will allow comparisons between writers, place, region and counties using a fully searchable dataset, thus seeking and extracting similarities and differences in the physical and perceived landscape. Furthermore, data can continually be added to expand the project for use in future landscape studies. Focusing on two cartographers and mapping contemporary literary observations in GIS allows for broad regional comparisons to be made across England and into physical and cultural links with the environment.