Comparing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions of Restored and Natural Mangrove Forests in Indonesia using Palynology and plant DNA metabarcoding

目的：1.结合孢粉学、沉积物DNA(SedDNA)和植物学技术，测量恢复红树林和原始红树林生物多样性的时空格局。A.利用多个红树林地点的5米沉积物岩心，探测过去5000年来物种组成的变化。B.比较原始的、现代恢复的和人类影响之前的红树林之间的生物多样性。2.为每种红树林类型建立生态网络模型，以确定重要物种和正或负物种相互作用、生态系统弹性和功能多样性，以提高恢复的成功率。假设生物多样性和生态系统功能恢复红树林将低于原始红树林，并将随着时间的推移而降低，从人类影响之前的时间点开始。研究方法和计划这项工作将分为四个主要部分：1)印度尼西亚北苏拉威西的样本采集；2)由诺森比亚大学的Ulrich Salzmann教授指导的孢粉学技术；3)在Norhumbria Nu-OMICS实验室进行的DNA元数据库编码；以及4)由纽卡斯尔大学的Darren Evans博士指导的生态网络分析。通过结合传统孢粉学和分子生态学技术来重建过去5000年的生态网络的研究应用，将使我们能够确定印度尼西亚北苏拉威西原始和恢复的红树林中人类影响前生物多样性组成和生态系统功能的基线。希望这项研究的结果将有助于改善印度尼西亚的红树林恢复工作，通过获得重要物种和物种相互作用的新知识，为物种重新引入和入侵物种移走的决策提供信息，并最终优化生态系统弹性和功能多样性。

Objectives: 1. Measure spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity in restored and pristine mangroves, using a combination of palynology, sediment DNA (sedDNA) and botany techniques. a. Detect changes in species composition over the past 5000 years using five-meter sediment cores at multiple mangrove sites. b. Compare biodiversity between pristine, present-day restored and pre-human impact mangrove forests. 2. Create ecological network models for each mangrove type, to determine important species and positive or negative species interactions, for ecosystem resilience and functional diversity, to improve restoration success.Hypothesis Biodiversity and ecosystem function will be lower in restored mangroves than pristine mangrove forests and will have reduced over time since pre-human impact timepoints. Methodology and Programme of Research The work will be split into four main sections: 1) sample collection in North Sulawesi, Indonesia; 2) palynology techniques, supervised by Prof. Ulrich Salzmann, Northumbria University; 3) DNA metabarcoding, carried out in the Northumbria NU-OMICS lab; and 4) ecological network analysis, supervised by Dr Darren Evans, Newcastle University.Research Applications Reconstructing ecological networks over the past 5000 years by applying a combination of traditional palynology and molecular ecology techniques, will enable us to determine a baseline of pre-human impact biodiversity composition and ecosystem function, in pristine and restored mangrove forests in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is hoped the results of the research will help to improve mangrove restoration efforts in Indonesia, by gaining new knowledge of important species and species interactions, informing decisions of species reintroductions and invasive species removal, and ultimately optimising ecosystem resilience and functional diversity.