Prioritising finance for urban sanitation: funding progress towards citywide inclusive sanitation

普遍认为，改善和安全管理卫生设施的可持续服务代表着良好的公共和社会投资回报：提供无障碍厕所以及收集和处理人类排泄物产生的一系列社会、环境和健康效益超过了相关成本。各区域在实现普遍可持续服务方面的进展不平等，撒哈拉以南非洲国家在未来几年面临最大的挑战，因为它们的进展速度较慢，无法获得服务的比例较高，而且预计人口增长较大。目前的可用资金不足以提供普遍获得安全管理的卫生设施。政府税基捉襟见肘，客户并不能普遍负担得起收回全部成本所需的费用，而开发性金融不足以弥补这一负担能力差距。尽管人们对私人融资的潜在贡献持乐观态度，但目前尚不清楚，充分调动家庭金融并将服务成本降至最低，将对缩小这种负担能力差距做出什么贡献。非正式住区的家庭通常无法获得安全管理的卫生设施：他们的废物未经收集，未经处理就进入环境。这在一定程度上是因为他们没有支付能力(与较低收入有关)或投资意愿(与租赁状况有关)，还因为管理收集和处理需要集中协调，这在非正式定居者中并不常见。三个群体缺乏关于卫生服务的足够信息，无法做出有效的投资和规划决策：服务提供者，包括政府、公用事业和私营部门；用户，如家庭、社区组织和政客；以及支持服务提供的捐赠者和金融家。此外，当地服务提供者的作用在独立后受到国际发展界的破坏，因为国际发展界没有实现自己的能力建设目标，没有将其工作本地化。WASH中的学术和灰色文献严重偏向西方研究机构、发展机构和非政府组织，这些机构没有按比例促进或代表服务用户或利益攸关方的观点。这项研究将寻求在设计上更具包容性，以努力提供更好的信息，为决策提供参考。该项目将探讨如何为建设可持续发展倡议提供资金，以及如何确定融资和投资的优先顺序。这将通过回答以下问题来实现：-当地利益相关者确定了资助CWI的知识差距和研究问题？-CWI的负担能力差距是什么？-卫生价值链不同部分的最有效筹资机制是什么？-在CWI方面取得进展时，应该如何确定投资的优先顺序？这个博士项目将通过至少四篇出版物完成。第一份出版物将专注于捕捉学术和灰色文献中代表性不足的利益相关者的观点，以最大限度地减少未来研究设计中的偏见。这一参与性进程还将寻求其他利益攸关方的知情观点，包括有经验的清洁卫生部门专业人员、扶贫团体的代表和金融家。后续出版物将在先前确定的研究主题的基础上，根据从这项初步研究中获得的洞察力提供信息并加以指导。该项目的成果将是证据，说明如何更有效地利用有限的可用资金，在实现普遍、安全管理的卫生设施方面取得进展。这项研究将支持全市普惠性卫生的概念。

Sustainable services for improved and safely managed sanitation are universally considered to represent a good public and social return on investment: providing access to toilets and collecting and treating human waste has a range of social, environmental and health benefits that exceeds the associated costs. Progress towards universal sustainable services has been unequal between regions and countries in Sub-Saharan Africa face the biggest challenge in coming years because of their slower rate of the progress, higher proportions without access and greater forecast population growth. Current available funding is insufficient to provide universal access to safely managed sanitation. Government tax bases are stretched, customers can not universally afford the fees required for full cost recovery, and development finance is insufficient to this affordability gap. Despite optimism around the potential contribution from private finance it is unclear what the contribution that fully mobilising household finance and minimising service costs would make to closing this affordability gap. Households in informal settlements typically do not have access to safely managed sanitation: their waste is uncollected and enters the environment untreated. This is partly because they do not have the ability to pay (related to lower incomes) or the willingness to invest (related to rental status) but also because managing collection and treatment requires centralised coordination that is uncommon in informal settlements.Three groups lack sufficient information about sanitation services to make effective investment and planning decisions: service providers including government, utilities and the private sector; users such as households, community-based organisation and politicians; and donors and financiers who support service delivery. In addition, the role of local service providers has been undermined post-independence by the international development community who have not achieved their own capacity building objectives in failing to localise their work. Academic and grey literature in WASH is heavily biased towards Western research institutions, development agencies and iNGOs who do not proportionately promote or represent the perspective of service users or stakeholders. This research will seek to be more inclusive by design in an effort to provide better information to inform decision making.The project will explore how progress towards CWIS could be funded, and financing and investment prioritised. This will be achieved by answering:-What are the knowledge gaps and research questions around funding CWIS as identified by local stakeholders?-What is the affordability gap for CWIS?-What are the most efficient funding mechanisms for different sections of the sanitation value chain?-How should investment be prioritised when making progress towards CWIS?This PhD project will be completed with a minimum four publications. The first publication will focus on capturing perspectives from stakeholders under-represented in academic and grey literature to minimise bias in future research design. This participatory process will also seek out informed perspectives from other stakeholders including experienced WASH sector professionals, representatives from pro-poor groups, and financiers. Subsequent publications will be informed and directed by the insight gained from this initial research, building on the research themes previously identified. The output from this project will be evidence demonstrating how limited available finance can be used more efficiently to make progress towards achieving universal safely managed sanitation. The research will support the concept of citywide inclusive sanitation.