Theorising Biocitizenship, 1550-1660

首次提出在Petryna的2002年工作之间的关系乌克兰政府和公民受切尔诺贝利灾难的影响，“生物公民”的想法已被学者用来审查“政治，身份和生物之间的关系”（库特，2008）。虽然有关生物公民的文献只关注20世纪和21世纪，但其一些基本思想源于早期现代认识论：身体共性或排他性的思想，基于生物学的权利和权力的思想，以及对违反生物学规范的人物的焦虑。生物公民身份问题是如何以及在何处理解权利是固有的或通过生物共性和差异创造的。这使得它成为一个富有成效的工具，用于考察一个繁荣的动物学知识和解剖学研究时期，当时人类的特殊地位是激烈辩论的主题，正如福吉、拉伯、伯勒尔和托马斯所表明的那样。迄今为止，我的阅读范围已经从人类学向外扩展，汇集了Haraway、Agamben和Foucault等作者，为生物公民定义了一个适合早期现代材料的定义。本文的第一部分从Enenkel的早期现代分类学研究中得到启发，考察早期现代人如何在他们的生物公民同胞中进行识别和歧视。这一章调查了分类和收集的文本，从自然历史类书籍，如托普塞尔的《四足兽史》（1607），到解剖学教科书和以前未研究过的视觉纲要，其中各种人类，动物和植物生活在页面上混乱地混合。第二部分调查了非人类动物参与讨论他们存在的例子。豪厄尔被忽视的对话，Therologia（1660），是一个令人信服的例子，声音带来的想象生活在辩论sublunary公民。豪厄尔的文本基于古典主义和人文主义的先驱，我将详细探讨，是对人类例外论的延伸讨论。我将把这篇文章与引用会说话的动物的前辈一起研究，包括鲍德温的《小心猫》（1553）和加斯科因的《威尼斯的高贵艺术》（1575）。在每一个文本中，识别和歧视的技术通过小说转化为关于身体和政治亲属关系的辩论。在研究了分类学和掌握的尝试，以及对动物声音的创造性质疑之后，我论文的最后一部分将揭示理性人与自然世界之间边界的阶段性破坏。作为区分人与动物的一个有争议的观点，理性是早期现代生物公民理论化的一个关键因素。通过克里斯蒂娃的《恐怖的力量》、罗兹的《乔纳森的怪诞》和米勒的《厌恶的解剖》，我探索了理性所反对的：疯狂和污秽。香农和赫费尔在《李尔王》中对自然世界进行了深刻的探索，但他们都不承认李尔王的精神退化在他与自然的关系中所扮演的角色。这一部分的重点是一个明显的人类素质的故障拿起在其他关键来源，包括马斯顿的工作，其中显示了一个惊人的兴趣，在内脏，液体和人类存在的污垢腐烂的主题。这些与动物性的不稳定遭遇产生了早期现代生物公民的黑暗版本，它与文艺复兴时期的人的传统观念相对立，设定了一个基础和传染性的人性：生物公民本身被排斥。生物公民权的动态可以在大量的早期现代文学中感受到;我的论文表明，这个概念的应用超出了我们的当代世界。我激烈的跨学科项目主张早期现代生物公民权，其中人类的孤立和流放伴随着各种形式的联系而持续存在，这是一种扩大的生物共性感，既有风险也有回报。

"First presented in Petryna's 2002 work on relations between the Ukrainian government and citizens affected by the Chernobyl disaster, the idea of "biological citizenship" has been used by scholars to scrutinise "the relationship between politics, identity, and biology" (Cooter, 2008). While literature on biocitizenship attends exclusively to the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, some of its foundational ideas have roots in an early modern epistemology: ideas of bodily commonality or exclusivity, of rights and power based on biology, and anxieties over figures which transgress a biological norm. Biocitizenship asks how and where rights are understood to inhere in or be created through biological commonality and difference. This makes it a productive tool for examining a period of flourishing zoological knowledge and anatomical study, when the exceptional position of man was the subject of intense debate, as Fudge, Raber, Boehrer and Thomas have shown. My reading to date has moved outwards from anthropology, drawing together authors including Haraway, Agamben and Foucault to distil a definition of biocitizenship appropriate to early modern material. Taking inspiration from Enenkel's work on early modern taxonomy, the first section of my thesis examines how early moderns identified and discriminated among their fellow biocitizens. The chapter investigates texts which categorise and collect, from natural history encyclopaedias such as Topsell's Historie of Foure-Footed Beastes (1607), to anatomical textbooks and previously unstudied visual compendia where assorted human, animal and plant life mingles chaotically on the page. The second section investigates instances of non-human animals participating in discussions about their existence. Howell's neglected dialogue, Therologia (1660), is a compelling example of the voices brought to imaginative life in debates over sublunary citizenship. Based on classical and humanist precursors, which I will explore in detail, Howell's text is an extended discussion of human exceptionalism. I will examine this text alongside predecessors which invoke talking animals, including Baldwin's Beware the Cat (1553) and Gascoigne's The Noble Arte of Venerie (1575). In each text, techniques of identification and discrimination are transformed through fiction into debates over physical and political kinship. Having examined attempts at taxonomy and mastery, and creative interpellations of animal voices, the final section of my thesis will open out to staged disruptions of the boundary between rational man and the natural world. A contentious point of distinction between man and animal, rationality is a crucial factor in theorising early modern biocitizenship. Informed by Kristeva's Powers of Horror, Rhodes' Elizabethan Grotesque and Miller's The Anatomy of Disgust, I explore that which reason opposes: madness and filth. Shannon & Höfele have written incisive explorations of the natural world in King Lear, but neither acknowledges the role Lear's mental deterioration plays in his relationship to nature. This section's focus on the malfunction of a distinctly human quality picks up on the theme of decay in other key sources, including the work of Marston, which displays a striking interest in the innards, fluids, & filth of human existence. These destabilising encounters with animality generate a darker version of the early modern biocitizen, which works antagonistically to traditional perceptions of Renaissance man, positing a base and infectious humanity: a biocitizenry repulsed by itself. The dynamics of biocitizenship can be felt within a host of early modern literatures; my thesis demonstrates that the concept has applications beyond our contemporary world. My fiercely interdisciplinary project argues for an early modern biocitizenship in which human isolation & exile persist alongside forms of connectedness & an expanded sense of biological commonality which presents both risk & reward.