Development and application of molecular probe arrays to understand complex biopolymer chemistry involved in household soil and odour adhesion.

家庭护理和布料清洗所涉及的化学反应有时可能很复杂。它通常涉及许多成分的粘连，包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、核酸和脂质。这些成分通过简单的日常使用，包括接触皮肤，污染我们的衣服和其他家居用品，皮肤是洗衣房土壤的主要来源之一(Rajaganesh和Kifa，2017)。角蛋白等蛋白质是人类皮肤和头发中含量最丰富的结构蛋白，它含有大量的二硫键，导致它们强烈附着在织物表面或夹在纤维之间，从而在洗涤过程中抵抗酶降解(Hoshino等人，1995；Jaouadi等人，2009)。社会上越来越多的人为了提高能源效率而在较低的温度下洗澡，这一趋势加剧了这一问题(Paul等人，2016)。这导致了对自然界中更好的酶的探索，这种酶不仅在低温下表现良好，而且还可以降解复杂的土壤，包括可溶和不可溶的蛋白质，如角蛋白和血液中包含的蛋白质(Paul等人，2016年)。然而，寻找新的洗涤剂酶通常是在没有对洗涤前后土壤中到底含有什么进行任何研究的情况下开始的。家庭护理和织物清洗行业目前使用的方法无法检测和量化受污染服装中发现的主要污染物(Rajaganesh和Kifa，2017)。拟议的项目旨在开发和应用数百种先进的分子探测器，使用高通量阵列来识别与土壤和恶臭粘在织物和其他家居用品上有关的关键底物。该项目中使用的技术将允许识别土壤中包含的底物，这些底物在用水和酶类洗涤剂洗涤之前和之后附着在织物上。具体地说，该项目涉及使用综合微阵列聚合物图谱(COMPP)，它以前通过结合提取细胞壁多糖和使用用各种单抗(MAb)探测的微阵列来广泛用于植物细胞壁的分析(Moller等人，2007年)。COMPP是一种半定量的高通量方法，近年来在各种研究项目中得到使用和改进，主要涉及鉴定复杂的植物细胞壁多糖成分(Moller等人，2007年；Moller等人，2012年；Mravec等人，2017年)。该项目建议使用COMPP来确定构成复杂土壤的特定成分，这些土壤附着在包括服装面料在内的常见家用物品上。在威廉·威拉茨教授研究小组的帮助下，将在纽卡斯尔大学德文郡大楼使用微阵列进行COMPP。这项研究将专注于识别复杂的碳水化合物、蛋白质和核酸，最初的重点是蛋白质。该方法将在整个项目中得到改进，以开发识别复杂家庭土壤成分的新技术。该项目将作为iCASE与宝洁(P&G)合作完成，宝洁将提供待筛选的脏布料，并由工程和物理科学研究理事会(EPSRC)每年提供GB 4600的资金。这一过程的第一步将是识别和订购各种与特定蛋白质、碳水化合物或核酸结合的单抗。这将使用宝洁从他们的初步实验中提供的信息来完成。

The chemistry involved in homecare and fabric cleaning can sometimes be complex. It often involves the adhesion of many components, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. These components contaminate our clothing and other household items through simple daily use including contact with the skin, which is one of the major sources of laundry soils (Rajaganesh and Krifa, 2017). Proteins such as keratin, the most abundant structural protein in human skin and hair, contain high amounts of disulphide bonds causing them to adhere strongly to the surface of fabrics or are trapped between fibres and therefore resist enzymatic degradation during the washing process (Hoshino et al., 1995; Jaouadi et al., 2009). This problem is being exacerbated by the growing trend in society to wash at lower temperatures for better energy efficiency (Paul et al., 2016). This has led to a search for better enzymes in nature that not only perform well at low temperatures but can also degrade complex soils, including soluble and insoluble proteins such as keratin and proteins contained in blood (Paul et al., 2016). However, the search for new enzymes for detergents often begins without any research being performed into what exactly is contained within the soil before and after washing. Current methods used in the homecare and fabric cleaning industry do not enable the detection and quantification of major contaminants found in soiled garments (Rajaganesh and Krifa, 2017). The proposed project aims to develop and apply hundreds of advanced molecular probes using high throughput arrays to identify key substrates involved in the adhesion of soils and malodours to fabrics and other household items. The techniques used in the project will allow for the identification of substrates contained in soils that adhere to fabrics before and after washing with water and enzyme-based detergents. Specifically, the project involves the use of comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (COMPP) which has previously been extensively used for analysis of plant cell walls by combining the extraction of cell wall polysaccharides with the use of microarrays that are probed with various monoclonal antibodies (mAb) (Moller et al., 2007). COMPP is a semiquantitative high throughput method that has been used and refined in recent years in various research projects, mainly involving the identification of complex plant cell wall polysaccharide components (Moller et al., 2007; Moller et al., 2012; Mravec et al., 2017). This project proposes using COMPP to identify specific components that make up the complex soils that adhere to common household items including clothing fabrics. COMPP will be performed using the microarrays in the Devonshire building of Newcastle University with the aid of Professor William Willats research group. The research will focus on the identification of complex carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids, with an initial focus on proteins. The method will be refined throughout the project to develop new technologies for the identification of the components of complex household soils. The project will be completed as an iCASE in collaboration with Procter & Gamble (P&G) who will provide the soiled fabrics to be screened, alongside funding of £4600 per year from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). The first step in the process will be to identify and order various mAbs that bind to specific proteins, carbohydrates or nucleic acids. This will be done using information provided by P&G from their preliminary experiments.