Mechanisms of tumor promotion and carcinogenesis

描述（由申请人提供）：确定允许肿瘤细胞进行不受控制的增殖的机制对于了解癌变至关重要。近年来的研究表明，蛋白磷酸酶与蛋白激酶一样，在细胞周期调控中发挥着重要而特殊的作用；因此，这些蛋白表达或调控的改变可能影响细胞周期进程，甚至可能使细胞经历不受调节的增殖。我们已经克隆并鉴定了四种人类PPases，其中一种被命名为PP5，对进一步的研究特别有吸引力。PP5可抑制糖皮质激素诱导的p53介导的信号级联，从而诱导G1/ s期生长停滞。对PP5活性调控机制的研究表明，PP5的表达对17-13雌二醇和缺氧诱导因子-1 （hypoxia inducible factor-1, HIF-1）具有响应性，而这两种因子都是人乳腺癌发生的积极因子。此外，PP5的组成性过表达有助于细胞在氧化应激下存活，并将MCF-7细胞从雌激素依赖型转化为雌激素非依赖型。因此，异常的PP5活性也可能促进肿瘤的发展。这一提议旨在验证蛋白质磷酸酶在细胞周期进程中起重要作用的假设；因此，异常表达或干扰其正常活动可能导致肿瘤细胞的异常增殖行为。这些研究将集中在以下具体目标：目标1。继续描述PP5在糖皮质激素受体介导的信号网络中发挥的作用。目标2。确定PP5在HIF-1和雌激素介导的信号级联反应中的作用，这些信号级联反应有助于细胞存活，并在p53-、GR-和HIF-1介导的信号网络之间的串扰中发挥作用。目标3。通过PP5敲除和PP5- loxp转基因小鼠的培养，确定PP5的表达在人乳腺癌的发展中是否为积极因素，并表征PP5的生理作用。通过这些研究，我们希望进一步表征蛋白磷酸酶在细胞周期调控中的作用，并深入了解蛋白磷酸酶如何参与肿瘤细胞的异常增殖。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Determining the mechanisms that allow neoplastic cells to undergo uncontrolled proliferation is crucial to understanding carcinogenesis. Recent studies have made it very clear that protein phosphatases, like protein kinases, play important and specific roles in cell-cycle regulation; thus alterations in the expression or regulation of these proteins may affect cell-cycle progression and could even allow cells to undergo unregulated proliferation. We have cloned and characterized four human PPases, and one, designated PP5, is particularly attractive for further studies. PP5 acts to suppress a glucocorticoid-induced, p53- mediated signaling cascade leading to the induction of G1/S-phase growth arrest. Studies into the mechanisms regulating PP5 activity have revealed that the expression of PP5 is responsive to 17-13 estradiol and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which are both positive factors in the development of human breast cancer. Furthermore, the constitutive over expression of PP5 aids cell survival during oxidative stress and converts MCF-7 cells from an estrogen-dependent into an estrogen-independent phenotype. Thus, aberrant PP5 activity may also contribute to tumor development. This proposal is designed to test the hypothesis that protein phosphatases play an important role in cell cycle progression; thus, abnormal expression or the interference of their normal activity may contribute to the aberrant proliferative behavior of neoplastic cells. These studies will focus on the following specific aims: Aim 1. Continue to characterize the roles played by PP5 in glucocorticoid receptor-mediated signaling networks. Aim 2. Determine the roles of PP5 in HIF-1- and estrogen-mediated signaling cascades that aid cell survival and in cross-talk between p53-, GR- and HIF-1-mediated signaling networks. Aim 3. Determine if PP5 expression is a positive factor in the development of human breast cancer, and characterize the physiological role for PP5 through the development of PP5-knockout and PP5-loxP transgenic mice. Through these studies we hope to further characterize the role of protein phosphatases in the regulation of cell cycle control and gain insight into the how protein phosphatases may be involved in the aberrant proliferation of neoplastic cells.