Future Space Data, Missions and Sensors for CBRN Event Detection and Monitoring

未来的化学-生物-放射性-核爆炸威胁可能包括工厂的化学爆炸、在城市环境中使用神经毒剂或设施的放射性泄漏。随着这些威胁成为现代安全和威胁管理利益的最前沿，目前需要改进对这些情况的检测和建模。卫星的使用在为未来的成像和模型作出贡献方面具有巨大潜力，为研究和开发提供了机会，欧洲航天局已要求对使用天基服务支持化生放核（电子）业务进行研究。泰雷兹阿莱尼亚航天公司（TAS）一直在与当地中小企业“风险意识”合作，就欧洲航天局的这份合同研究CBRN威胁第一反应者的信息管理系统。这些系统可以提高CBRN场景中第一响应者的态势感知能力，使他们能够利用更准确和详细的信息做出更好的战术决策，从而可能挽救生命。开发卫星技术以提供支持这些模型的数据，可以提供比目前更好的分辨率和及时性。在能够提高数据质量的技术中，有一些想法，如极低地球轨道卫星沿着激光雷达和安装在微型卫星上的高光谱成像仪，这些想法以前从未在这类卫星上使用过。作者对可能相关的现有卫星数据进行的初步分析表明，存在一些差距，包括高分辨率风场数据以及化学、放射性和生物探测。其中许多为今后的飞行任务提供了机会，这将有利于联合王国的航天工业。该博士学位位于EPSRC传感器和工程设计研究领域。该博士学位的目标是：审查可用于化生放核的地球观测仪器审查可能有助于填补化生放核数据空白的替代物调查容纳上述地球观测仪器所需的平台和配置调查可能的可在已确定的平台上使用的仪器，例如甚低地球轨道卫星或低地球轨道微型卫星上的激光雷达，对有效载荷或平台所需的任何调整进行分析。文献综述/当前技术调查2。查明知识差距以及目前和今后的文书3。确定可能的办法4。考虑可能的代理人5.将各种仪器纳入现有或未来的空间平台6。使命分析计算未来传感器的可能设计8.与这项研究相关的一些技术挑战，包括可能的仪器，如激光雷达和高光谱成像仪又大又重，因此需要小型化，以便在微型卫星等潜在平台上使用。此外，这些仪器需要较低的轨道来最大限度地提高分辨率，但VLEO等平台需要阻力补偿才能保持在轨道上。这些都是在讨论为CBRN应用收集数据的未来技术时必须解决的问题。研究和方法的新奇之处在于使用天基数据，除了可视地形数据外，天基数据在化生放核建模领域没有多大用处，还在于确定能够提供这种数据的仪器，需要将其纳入甚低地球轨道或微型卫星等新平台。

Future Chemical-Biological-Radiological-Nuclear-Explosive (CBRNe) threats could include a chemical explosion at a plant, a use of a nerve agent in an urban environment or a radioactive leak from a facility. As these threats come to the forefront of modern security and threat management interests, there is a present need to improve detection and modelling of these scenarios. The use of satellites has great potential to make contributions to future imaging and models, presenting opportunities for research and development.The European Space Agency has requested studies into the use of space-based services to support CBRN(e) operations. Thales Alenia Space (TAS) has been working with a local SME, 'Riskaware', on this European Space Agency contract to look at information management systems for first responders to CBRN threats. These systems could improve the situational awareness of first responders in a CBRN scenario, allowing them to make better tactical decisions with more accurate and detailed information, potentially saving lives. The development of satellite technology to provide data to support these models could provide a better resolution and timeliness than is currently available. Among the technologies that could improve the quality of data are ideas such as Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) satellites along with LiDARs and hyperspectral imagers mounted on microsatellites, which have not previously been used on satellites of this type. Initial analysis of potentially relevant available satellite data by the author indicates that there are several gaps, including high-resolution wind field data, and chemical, radiological, and biological detection. Many of these present opportunities for future missions which would be of benefit to the UK's space industry. This PhD sits in the EPSRC Sensors and Engineering Design research areas.The objectives of the PhD are: To review currently available data for CBRN to ascertain gaps in data required To review Earth observation instruments which could be used for CBRN To review possible proxies which could help with gaps in CBRN data To investigate the platforms and configuration necessary to accommodate the above Earth observation instruments To investigate possible instruments that can be used on identified platforms, e.g. LIDAR on a VLEO satellite or LEO microsatellite To provide analysis of any adaptations necessary to the payload or the platform.The technical approach to the research is:1. Literature review/survey of current technologies2. Identification of gaps in knowledge and current and future instruments3. Identification of possible approaches4. Consideration of possible proxies5. Integration of instruments on existing or future space platforms6. Mission analysis calculations7. Possible design of future sensor8. Possible design of future platform to accommodate sensorThere are some technological challenges associated with this research, including that possible instruments such as LiDARs and hyperspectral imagers are large and heavy, and so will require miniaturization for use on potential platforms such as microsatellites. Additionally, these instruments need lower orbits to maximise resolution, but platforms such as VLEO require drag compensation to stay in orbit. These are all issues that must be addressed when discussing future technologies to gather data for CBRN applications. The novelty of the research and the approach lies in the use of space-based data, which does not see much use in the CBRN modelling field beyond visual terrain data, and in the definition of an instrument capable of providing this data, with the need to accommodate it to a novel platform such as VLEO or a microsatellite.