Reasonable accommodation: practice and prospects

该研究项目将探讨合理便利在确保法律平等方面的作用，并提出其新的扩大用途。根据包容性平等的概念，可以认为，目前的平等法律框架显示出各种缺陷，特别是在残疾人权利领域。在实践中，特别是在残疾人权利案件中，RA的使用范围扩大，就证明了这一点。实践还表明，这一概念有可能成为一个更广泛的工具，以确保平等，针对个人的不利处境，并为所有歧视受害者提供量身定制的补救措施。在奠定平等作为一个法律的概念的理论基础和讨论的缺陷，我将分析RA在欧洲司法管辖区的使用。从其他法律的体系中汲取灵感，我将发展《罗马法》的共同核心，并提出其在欧洲体系中的替代用途：人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。实现人类中背景、功能、愿望和生活状况如此不同的人的平等，是平等法领域一场永无止境的斗争。特别是，残疾作为一种生活状况，对我们看待和确保平等的方式仍然是一个挑战，因为实践表明，我们用来实现这一目标的法律的工具往往不足以实现这一目标。Sen和M. Nussbaum的平等理论和S.弗莱德曼双方都认为平等法的目的是消除在获得权利、商品或服务方面的现有障碍，这可能导致对平等保护目标群体的重新定义，从基于身份的模式改为基于背景的模式。目前尚不确定如何以及通过何种手段将这一办法转化为规范领域，即如何利用它来实现法律上的实际平等。我认为合理便利的概念对回答这个问题有很大的贡献。虽然在欧洲，它主要用于残疾人或宗教自由领域，但它在减轻实现所有人权利方面的客观不利条件方面具有更大的潜力，而且还可能有助于调整对侵犯权利行为的评估，以适当考虑脆弱性和不利条件。RA是理论和学说探索不足，其在实践中的使用是零散的，往往是混乱的。本研究的目的是帮助澄清这一概念的作用，确定其在欧洲地区使用的共同核心，并根据理论背景和其他司法管辖区的例子，制定其潜在的预期用途，以帮助实际实现包容性平等的目标。研究将分为四个主要集群：第一章：正义，平等和不歧视第二章：与平等有关的残疾问题第三章：实践中的合理便利第四章：合理便利的前景该项目的拟议框架如下：第1 o章3/2019 -试点10页至12/2019 -草案，在董事会会议上审查第2 o章8/2019 -试点10页至6/2020 -草案，在董事会会议上审查第3 o章5/2019 -案例法研究12/2020 -草案，在董事会会议上审查第4 o章3/2021 -试点10页至6/2021 -草案，在2022年12月的董事会会议上进行审查-完善，完成所有章节

The research project will explore the role of reasonable accommodation ("RA") in ensuring equality in law and propose its new expanded use. Relying on the notion of inclusive equality, it will be argued that the current equality law framework displays various shortcomings, especially exposed in the disability rights area. This is demonstrated in practice by the expanded use of RA especially in disability rights cases. Practice also shows that the concept has a potential to be a broader tool for ensuring equality, targeting individual disadvantage and providing tailor-made remedies for all victims of discrimination. Upon laying down the theoretical foundation of equality as a legal concept and discussing the shortcomings, I will analyse the use of RA in European jurisdictions. Drawing on the inspiration from other legal systems, I will then develop a common core of the RA and propose its alternative use within the European system.All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Achieving equality for persons of such diverse backgrounds, functionalities, wishes and life situations, as present among humanity, is a never-ending struggle of the equality law field. Particularly, disability as a life-situation remains to be a challenge for the way we perceive and ensure equality, as practice shows that the legal tools we use to achieve this end, are often insufficient in fulfilling it. Most prominent attempts to accommodate the way we perceive equality under the influence of the disability rights field have, in my view, been proposed by the capabilities approach developed by A. Sen and M. Nussbaum, and by the framework of transformative equality proposed by S. Fredman. Both view the purpose of equality law to be dismantling existing barriers in accessing rights, goods, or services lead to a potential re-definition of the target group of equality protection, from the identity-based model, to a contextual-based one.Although the framework has a very convincing potential to address the shortcomings of the equality law field, it is yet not certain how and through which means this approach would be translated into normative area, i.e. how to use it toachieve practical equality in law.I suggest that the concept of reasonable accommodation ("RA") significantly contributes to answering this question. Although in Europe it is predominantly used in the area of disability or religious freedom, it has a much larger potentialto alleviate objective disadvantage in the realization of rights for all persons, and also a potential to help adjust the assessment of rights violations to take proper account of vulnerability and disadvantage.Although arguably perfectly fitting to accommodate some of the disregarded purposes of equality law, RA is theoretically and doctrinally underexplored and its usage in practice is fragmented and often, confused. The aim of this study is tohelp clarify the role of the concept, define the common core of its use in the European area and, based on the theoretical background and examples from other jurisdictions, formulate its potential prospective use to help practically achieve the aims of inclusive equality.The research will be divided into four main clusters:Chapter 1: Justice, equality and non-discriminationChapter 2: Disability-specific issues related to equalityChapter 3: Reasonable accommodation in practiceChapter 4: The prospects of reasonable accommodationThe proposed framework for the project is as follows:Chapter 1o 3/2019 - pilot 10 pageso 12/2019 - draft, review at a board meetingChapter 2o 8/2019 - pilot 10 pageso 6/2020 - draft, review at a board meetingChapter 3o 5/2019 - case-law researcho 12/2020 - draft, review at a board meetingChapter 4o 3/2021 - pilot 10 pageso 6/2021 - draft, review at a board meetingo 12/2022 - refining, finalizing all chapters