How can a close examination of Shand give us a deeper understanding of Modernist architectural culture in interwar Britain?

该项目将把英国的发展置于国际背景下，并通过观察尚德的作品和他创建的网络，思考现代主义的广泛案例是如何发展的，以及它对实践的影响。为了确立尚德对新兴的英国现代运动的贡献，这个博士学位建立在最近历史学家的工作基础上，包括伊丽莎白·达林、约翰·r·戈尔德、艾伦·鲍尔斯和杰西卡·凯利。这些历史学家已经超越了建筑形式，向人们展示了更广泛的现代文化是如何在英国形成的。其结果是对建筑实践如何通过公共辩论、新闻、展览和网络的文化转变而形成的新兴理解。虽然这些历史学家认为英国是孤立的，但对尚德的研究将解决国际背景。最近的历史学家开发了基于档案的方法来研究这一时期的英国建筑史。这个博士学位同样主要依赖于档案研究。它的独创性和创新性源于对存放在邓迪大学档案馆的藏品的使用，其中包括尚德的个人笔记、信件、照片和文章。该档案包含在7个盒子和16个盒子文件中。自从开始攻读博士学位以来，我已经制作了一份广泛收藏的概要清单。通过SGSAH的旅行报销，将有可能利用补充收藏，例如，在蒙特利尔收集的关于两次世界大战之间非常重要的现代主义者威尔斯·科茨（Wells Coates）的材料，尚德经常与他通信。研究成果，虽然不是一个传统的传记，将描述尚德的生活和事业的轨迹。因此，计划对传记写作进行方法学审查。研究成果将分为两个主题。首先，我将分析两次世界大战之间英国不同的批评模式。尚德体现了业余爱好者的生活方式——没有任何正式的建筑教育，而是提供鉴赏力。尽管他很业余，但他的影响却是广泛的。包括曼斯菲尔德·福布斯、约翰·贝杰曼和休伯特·黑斯廷斯在内的可比数据值得关注。这些“业余爱好者”影响力的下降可以追溯到建筑史作为一个专业领域的兴起，这体现在Nikolaus Pevsner的崛起上。本节将揭示塑造英国建筑的隐形人物的共同动机。第二部分将调查英国的国际影响力。近代历史学家越来越多地把研究的焦点缩小到英国。虽然这反驳了英国缺乏现代运动的说法，但英国在这一时期的国际贡献仍然被认为几乎不存在。对尚德的研究证明这是错误的。尚德收到邀请，就欧洲各地的英语发展进行讲座。他的文章发表在许多国家和语言的期刊和报纸上。通过流利的法语和德语，他与当时的主要人物建立了私人关系，包括沃尔特·格罗皮乌斯、勒·柯布西耶、阿尔瓦·阿尔托和西格弗里德·吉丁。Shand的贡献包括：创立了“国际现代建筑大会”（CIAM）的英国分会；促进格罗皮乌斯移民到英国（1934年）；在伦敦举办了阿尔托作品展览（1934年）；以及成立了英国阿尔托家具制造商Finmar。将格罗皮乌斯和柯布西耶的著作翻译成英文。文章让英国建筑师第一次瞥见欧洲、美国和俄罗斯的建筑。通过这些研究，我们将提出，来自一系列来源的双向影响帮助塑造了一个令人惊讶的折衷的英国现代运动。

The project will put British developments into an international context, and, by looking at the work of Shand and the networks he created, consider how a broad-based case for Modernism was developed, as well as its effects on practice. Context In establishing Shand's contributions to the emerging British Modern Movement, this PhD builds on the work of recent historians including Elizabeth Darling, John R. Gold, Alan Powers, and Jessica Kelly. These historians have looked beyond architectural form to show how a wider culture of modernity was created in Britain. The result is an emerging understanding of how architectural practise was shaped through cultural shifts informed by public debates, journalism, exhibitions and networks. While these historians have considered Britain in isolation, a study of Shand will resolve the international context. Method Recent historians have developed archive-based approaches to Britain's architectural history in this period. This PhD will likewise rely primarily on archival research. Its originality and innovativeness stem from the use of the collection deposited at the University of Dundee Archives containing Shand's personal notes, letters, photographs and articles. The archive is contained within 7 boxes and 16 box files. Since commencing my PhD, I have produced an outline list of the extensive holdings. Through SGSAH travel reimbursement, it will be possible to capitalise on complementary collections, e.g. material in Montreal on highly significant interwar Modernist Wells Coates, with whom Shand frequently corresponded. The research output, while not a conventional biography, will describe the trajectory of Shand's life and career. A methodological review of biographical writing is therefore planned. Output The research output will be split into two topics. Firstly, I will analyse the diverse modes of criticism in interwar Britain. Shand embodied the lifestyle of a dilettante - lacking any formal education in architecture and instead offering connoisseurship. Despite this amateurism, his influence was widespread. Comparable figures including Mansfield Forbes, John Betjeman and Hubert Hastings warrant attention. The decline in the influence of these 'amateurs' will be traced against the rise of architectural history as a professional field, embodied through the rise of Nikolaus Pevsner. This section will reveal the shared motivations of the unseen figures shaping British architecture. The second output will investigate Britain's influence internationally. Recent historians have increasingly narrowed their focus into Britain. While this has countered claims that Britain lacked a Modern Movement, Britain's international contributions in the period are still assumed to be nearly non-existent. A study of Shand proves this to be false. Shand received invitations to provide lectures on English developments across Europe. His articles appeared in journals and newspapers in numerous countries and languages. Through his fluency in French and German, he developed personal relationships with the period's leading figures, including Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto and Sigfried Giedion. Shand's contributions include: Founding a British chapter of the 'International Congresses of Modern Architecture' (CIAM) Facilitating the emigration of Gropius into Britain (1934) An exhibition of Aalto's work in London (1934) and the forming of Finmar, a British manufacturer of Aalto furniture. The translating of seminal texts into English, including those of Gropius and Corbusier. Articles giving British architects their first glimpses of architecture across Europe, the USA and Russia. Through these studies, it will be proposed that two-way influences from a range of sources helped shape a surprisingly eclectic British Modern Movement.