'Critical Play': participatory tactics for radical citizenship.

智利最近的社会动荡，促使公民和民间社会聚集在一起，讨论引发公众不满的问题。许多不同的倡议都要求公民以积极的形式就社会、经济和城市不平等问题发表意见和进行反思辩论。从大规模动员和社会抗议，到参与性城市表演和自组织或召集的cabildos，各种形式的公民参与已经占领了街头。自20世纪60年代以来，“参与性转向”通过邀请公民通过参与决策过程获得权力，帮助重塑了社会和公共领域。在今天的智利，在社会、文化和政治动荡的气候下，参与正在通过“发明空间”（Cornwall, 2007）来实现，这模糊了社会、政治和艺术之间的界限。这些激进的参与形式表明了重新评估传统方法的潜力，传统方法往往被束缚在学科范围或领域中，并受到其施加的限制-无论是在治理，国际发展，城市设计和规划还是艺术等多种领域。本研究的目的是了解跨学科参与方法的潜力，这种方法可能带来参与、合作、授权、能力和政治代理等共同的理想，严格的学科实践可能无法实现（Bishop, 2004； Gaventa和Cornwall, 2006； Hickey和Mohan， 2004）。这项研究的特殊方法是由“批判性游戏”的概念所支撑的；也就是说，“游戏”和文化中的游戏元素的观点（Huizinga, 1949; Arendt, 1982; Sutton-Smith, 1997； Caillois和Barash, 2001; Bakhtin, 1981），当被用作公民参与的关键工具时，可以促进参与的激进和变革潜力。将这一概念作为理论和方法框架进行推广，本研究将探索作为“批判性游戏”的参与性过程如何调解表演性（Butler, 2009; Harvie, 2013）、语境性（Haraway, 1988; Rose, 1997）、关系性（Bourriaud, 2002）、教学性（Freire, 1977）、对话性（Gadamer, 2003）、美学和政治（ranci<e:1>, 2004）。这些想法将在智利当前政治两极分化和社会动荡的气候背景下进行研究，通过研究模糊政治、艺术和社会活动之间界限的公民参与的实践和形式，以及参与式行动研究（PAR）形式的战术干预。这项研究将衡量“批判性游戏”的程度，作为一种设计方法，可以帮助将参与重新定义为一种激进的公民形式。

The recent social unrest in Chile has generated the need amongst citizens and the civil society to come together to discuss about the issues fuelling public discontent. Many different initiatives have called for active forms of citizenship in voicing and articulating a reflective debate on social, economic and urban inequality. From mass mobilisation and social protests, to participatory urban performances and self-organised or convocated cabildos, civic participation in its many forms have taken over the streets.Since the 1960s, a 'participatory turn' has helped reshape societies and the public sphere, by inviting citizens to become empowered through participation in decision-making processes. In Chile today, in a climate of social, cultural and political unrest, participation is being enacted through 'invented spaces' (Cornwall, 2007) that blur the boundaries between the social, the political and the arts.These radical forms of participation suggest a potential to re-evaluate traditional approaches, which tend to be bound up in a disciplinary remit or field and constrained by the limitations they impose - whether it be in realms as diverse as governance, international development, urban design and planning, or the arts, amongst others. The intention of this research is to understand the potential that an interdisciplinary approach to participation might bring in delivering the commonly shared ideals of engagement, collaboration, empowerment, capability and political agency, that strictly disciplinary practices have arguably failed to deliver (Bishop, 2004; Gaventa and Cornwall, 2006; Hickey and Mohan, 2004).The particular approach of this research is underpinned by the concept of 'critical play'; that is, the idea that 'play' and the play element in culture (Huizinga, 1949; Arendt, 1982; Sutton-Smith, 1997; Caillois and Barash, 2001, Bakhtin, 1981), when used as a critical tool for civic engagement, can advance the radical and transformative potential of participation. Promoting this concept as a theoretical and methodological framework, the research will explore the way in which participatory processes as 'critical play', can mediate the performative (Butler, 2009; Harvie, 2013), the contextual (Haraway, 1988; Rose, 1997), the relational (Bourriaud, 2002), the pedagogical (Freire, 1977), the dialogical (Gadamer, 2003), the aesthetical and the political (Rancière, 2004).These ideas will be examined in the context of Chile's current climate of political polarisation and social unrest, through research into practices and forms of civic engagement that blur the boundaries between politics, the arts and social activism, alongside tactical interventions in the form of participatory action research (PAR). The research will measure the extent to which 'critical play', as a design methodology can help reconceptualise participation as a radical form of citizenship.