Victorian Cleopatras: Sexuality, Race and Empire at the Fin de Siecle.

埃及古物学家亚瑟·魏格尔（Arthur Weigall）将克利奥帕特拉描述为一个悲剧的母亲，而《旁观者》和《廷斯利杂志》（Tinsley’s Magazine）的作家则将她描绘成一个引诱并毁了马克·安东尼（Marc Antony）的皇家妓女。根据古希腊罗马人的传记（普鲁塔克、普林尼、苏托尼乌斯和卢坎），维多利亚时代的克利奥帕特拉占据了女性和男性、母亲和妓女、文明和野蛮、希腊和埃及之间的空间。随着英国在非洲的领土扩张，以及性别模糊的唯美主义者和政治上活跃的新女性的出现，最后关头看到了曾经严格的种族、性和性别分类的瓦解。克利奥帕特拉在这种二元之间的定位反映了维多利亚时代既定价值观的同时解体。通过分析视觉文化，包括爱德华·波因特（Edward Poynter）的艺术作品、莎士比亚的《安东尼与克利奥帕特拉》（Antony and Cleopatra）的改编作品、玛丽·科雷利（Marie Corelli）和布拉姆·斯托克（Bram Stoker）等作家的小说，以及相关档案，该项目将展示克利奥帕特拉是如何被用来探索世纪问题的。第一章将重点介绍维多利亚时代对古埃及珠宝的迷恋。像斯托克的《七星的宝石》（The Jewel of Seven Stars, 1903）这样的诅咒叙事，把珠宝描绘成堕落的女性，她们模仿埃及艳后寻求解放。第二章将研究克利奥帕特拉对时尚和戏剧服装的影响，特别关注h·d·埃弗雷特的《伊拉斯》（1896）。第三章将展示侵略小说，如H.莱德·哈格德的《埃及艳后》（1889）和理查德·马什的《甲虫》（1897），如何揭示埃及人对英国扩张的抵抗所产生的焦虑。第四章将展示Poynter和Corelli如何利用埃及艳后作为希腊血统的埃及女法老的身份来探索种族和性。这个项目的问题是：维多利亚女王克利奥帕特拉是如何激发关于妇女权利的讨论的？在维多利亚晚期的小说中，希腊和罗马文献中的克利奥帕特拉是如何被彻底重塑的？当克利奥帕特拉从古典时代的反女主角转变为流行文化中无处不在的偶像时，会释放出什么样的政治可能性？

While the Egyptologist Arthur Weigall described Cleopatra as a tragic mother, writers for the Spectator and Tinsley's Magazine cast her as a royal harlot who seduced and ruined Marc Antony. Drawing on Graeco Roman biography (Plutarch, Pliny, Suetonius, and Lucan), Victorian Cleopatras occupied spaces between feminine and masculine, mother and whore, civilised and savage, Greek and Egyptian. With Britain's territorial expansion into Africa, and the emergence of sexually-ambiguous Aesthetes and politically active New Women, the fin de siècle saw once rigid categories of race, sexuality and gender dissolve. Cleopatra's positioning between such binaries reflects the contemporaneous dissolution of established Victorian values. By analysing visual culture including artwork by Edward Poynter, adaptations of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, fiction by authors including Marie Corelli and Bram Stoker, as well as pertinent archives, this project will demonstrate how Cleopatra was used to explore finde-siecle concerns.Chapter One will focus on the Victorian fascination with ancient Egyptian jewellery. Curse narratives like Stoker's 'The Jewel of Seven Stars' (1903) portray jewellery as corrupting women who seek liberation by emulating Cleopatra. Chapter Two will investigate Cleopatra's impact on fashion and theatrical costumes with particular attention to H. D. Everett's Iras (1896). Chapter Three will demonstrate how invasion fiction, like H. Rider Haggard's 'Cleopatra' (1889) and Richard Marsh's The Beetle (1897), reveal anxieties generated by Egyptian resistance to British expansion. Chapter Four will show how Poynter and Corelli use Cleopatra's status as a female Egyptian Pharaoh of Greek heritage to explore race and sexuality. This project questions: how did Victorian Cleopatras stimulate discussions about women's rights? How was the Cleopatra of Greek and Roman sources radically reimagined in late-Victorian fiction? What political possibilities were unleashed once Cleopatra transformed from antiheroine of classical antiquity into ubiquitous icon of popular culture?