Emotion, regulation and quality of social functioning

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究的主要目的是研究不同类型的努力控制（EC：执行注意的效率，包括抑制主导反应和/或激活次要反应的能力，计划和发现错误的能力）和反应性（不太自愿的）控制对儿童社会情感功能的贡献，包括他们的社会能力，共情，人格弹性；以及调整及其可能的前兆。其他目标包括检查规范发展和养育子女的相关方面（例如，情绪的表达，控制策略，温暖，对儿童负面情绪的反应），儿童的情绪，调节和社会功能。预测包括：(a)低注意力和激活调节，低弹性，非自愿过度控制（或低冲动），以及倾向于恐惧和悲伤将预测内化行为和早期害羞/行为抑制；(b)低反应性控制、低EC和高性情性愤怒/挫折可预测青少年外化问题和幼儿依从性/反抗问题；(c)素质与心理弹性呈线性相关，冲动性与心理弹性呈线性正相关，而冲动性与心理弹性呈二次关系；(4)负性情绪有时会调节调节与结果的关系。在规范性发展方面，随着年龄的增长，发展结果与EC之间的关系越来越强，而与冲动性或行为抑制（反应性控制）之间的关系在年轻时（EC最弱的时候）最强。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The major purpose of the proposed research is to examine the contributions of individual differences in various types of effortful control (EC: efficiency of executive attention, including the ability to inhibit a dominant response and/or to activate a subdominant response, to plan, and to detect errors) and reactive (less voluntary) control to children's socioemotional functioning, including their social competence, empathy, personality resiliency; and adjustment and its possible precursors. Other goals include examining normative development and relating aspects of parenting (e.g., expression of emotion, control tactics, warmth, reactions to children's negative emotions) to children's emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Predictions include: (a) low attentional and activational regulation, low resiliency, involuntary overcontrol (or low impulsivity), and proneness to fear and sadness will predict internalizing behaviors and early shyness/behavioral inhibition; (b) low reactive control, low EC and high dispositional anger/frustration will predict adolescent externalizing problems and problems with compliance/defiance in young children; (c) EC is linearly related to resiliency whereas impulsivity bears a positive linear relation to resiliency in young children and a quadratic relation in older children; and (d) negative emotionality sometimes will moderate the relation of regulation to outcomes. In regard to normative development, it is predicted that relations between developmental outcomes and EC become stronger with age in life, whereas relations between outcomes and impulsivity or behavioral inhibition (reactive control) are strongest at young ages (when EC is weakest). A multi-method (behavioral, facial, and physiological measures, questionnaires) and multi-reporter approach will be used in three longitudinal studies, two ongoing studies of adolescents, and one new study of young children (with multiple assessments). In all studies, 7 constructs will be measured: social competence/adjustment, EC, reactive control, resiliency, emotionality, parenting, and family-level variables (e.g., socioeconomic status, marital functioning). In the study of young children, developmental level, language, and understanding of emotions also will be measured. Across the 3 samples, both normative change in these aspects of functioning and the ways that individual differences in emotion, EC, reactive control, and parenting, jointly and uniquely predict mental health and social competence (when controlling for initial levels of the latter constructs) will be examined.