The nature, organisation and governance of financial deviance in professional football

这项研究将分析英国和荷兰职业足球财务偏差的性质，组织和治理。本研究的目的是：1.建立一个基于职业足球财务偏离动态的实证基础，并将偏离行为者和活动的范围概念化，沿着其潜在驱动因素，条件和相关危害;2.识别监管差距和潜在的干预机制（例如情境、社会），以减少越轨行为的机会和动机，并改善治理应对措施。随着市场参与者之间进行大量交易，金融不当行为的机会比比皆是。内部和外部治理策略被认为是无效的，在防止英超足球的财务偏差，无效的外部监管可以说是有助于未来的偏差。越轨行为的危害可能会降临到足球组织、球迷等其他群体、足球运动乃至整个社会。越轨行为是指违反法律、法规或规范标准的行为。在本研究中，“财务异常”一词将用于指两种（有时重叠）行为类型：（1）足球系统是实现非法财务收益的工具的异常行为;以及（2）通过非法财务活动获得足球优势的异常行为。研究问题1.英国足球中有哪些类型和形式的财务异常，它们是如何组织的？2.足球体系以何种方式激励和创造金融越轨行为的机会？哪些条件形成了这种情况？3.什么样的治理战略最适合减少足球中的财务偏差，实施这些战略是否存在任何障碍？4.足球金融异常的性质、组织和治理在各国之间有何比较？观察到的任何差异的原因或影响是什么？上述问题的理论基础是日常活动和理性选择理论，即：（1）越轨机会发生在有动机的犯罪人和合适的目标在时间和空间上相遇，而没有有能力的监护人（即将微观一级的决策与宏观一级的社会活动模式结合起来），以及（2）当遇到机会时，抓住机会的可能性与其感知的利益正相关。了解机会是如何产生的，以及驱动或激励行为者实现这些机会的因素，是发展足球金融异常解释的核心。通过深入了解金融越轨行为的性质和组织，稳健的治理可以通过情境犯罪预防理论来告知，情境犯罪预防理论断言，越轨行为可以通过操纵特定的机会和它们出现的背景来有效地控制，以减少越轨行为的感知利益。与知情行为者进行访谈，例如来自各种规则或执法机构的调查人员以及来自相关非执法组织的关键人员;2.公开数据的文件分析;3.分析警察和机构的案件档案数据。数据将有助于全面了解所涉及的活动和行为者的范围，以及在特定条件下如何出现异常行为的机会。数据将为犯罪脚本分析提供信息，这是一种旨在确定和分析异常行为的程序性质和组织的分析方法，并将通过确定特定异常委员会过程中的漏洞来提供有效预防的信息。

This research will analyse the nature, organisation and governance of financial deviance in English and Dutch professional football. The objectives of the study are to:1. Develop an empirical evidence base on the dynamics of financial deviance in professional football and conceptualise the range of deviant actors and activities, along with their underlying drivers, conditions and associated harms;2. Identify regulatory gaps and potential intervention mechanisms (e.g. situational, social) for reducing opportunities and motivations for deviance, and improving governance responses.With substantial sums being exchanged between market actors, opportunities for financial misconduct abound. Internal and external governance strategies have been argued to be ineffective in preventing financial deviance in EPL football, and ineffective external regulation can be argued to contribute to future deviance. The harms of deviance may befall footballing organisations, other groups such as fans, the sport of football generally, and even society more widely.Deviance is behaviour that violates standards based on laws, regulations or norms. Within this research, the term 'financial deviance' will be used to refer to two (sometimes overlapping) types of behaviour: (1) deviance in which the football system is a vehicle for achieving illicit financial gain; and (2) deviance in which footballing advantage is secured via illicit financial activity. Research questions1. What types and forms of financial deviance are manifest in English football and how are they organised?2. In what ways does the football system incentivise and generate opportunities for financial deviance? Which conditions shape this?3. What governance strategies would be best placed to reduce financial deviance in football and are there any obstacles to their implementation?4. How does the nature, organisation and governance of financial deviance in football compare across countries? What might be the reasons for or effects of any observed differences?The above questions are underpinned by theories of routine activities and rational choice, namely that (1) deviant opportunities occur when a motivated offender and suitable target meet in time and space in the absence of capable guardians (i.e. bringing together micro-level decision-making with macro-level patterns of social activities), and (2) the likelihood that an opportunity is taken when encountered is positively associated with its perceived benefit. Understanding how opportunities arise, as well as the factors that drive or motivate actors to realise these opportunities, is central to developing explanatory accounts of financial deviance in football. By gaining insight into the nature and organisation of financial deviance, robust governance can be informed through theories of situational crime prevention, which assert that deviance can be effectively controlled by manipulating specific opportunities, and the contexts in which they arise, to reduce the perceived benefits of deviance.Research design and methodologyThis research will implement multiple methods:1. Interviews with informed actors, such as investigators from various rule or law enforcement bodies and key personnel from relevant non-enforcement organisations;2. Document analysis of publicly available data;3. Analysis of police and agency case file data.Data will enable a comprehensive understanding of the range of activities and actors involved, and how opportunities for deviance arise under particular conditions. Data will inform a crime script analysis, an analytical method which aims to identify and analyse the procedural nature and organisation of deviant acts, and will inform effective prevention by identifying vulnerabilities in specific deviance commission processes.