Synthesis and Characterization of Modified Polysaccharides and their application in Fabric and Home Care

在过去的20年里，由于公司试图满足消费者不断变化的洗涤习惯和需求，现代洗衣产品的组成发生了戏剧性的变化。虽然表面活性剂仍然是洗衣配方的主要核心，但许多其他成分也不断被引入，因此能够对清洁性能进行精细控制[1]。除了助剂、漂白剂、酶和螯合剂外，聚合物还扮演着重要的角色。事实上，它们提供了几个好处，如表面活性剂促进、土壤悬浮、表面改性、抑制染料转移等。随着洗涤剂配方的发展，聚合物在洗涤产品中的使用发生了变化。最初，以丙烯酸或马来酸的均聚物和共聚物的形式引入多羧酸盐，以取代三聚磷酸钠(通常用作助剂)，以解决政府的法规和限制。[2]。从这一积极的结果中，出现了用于不同目的的广泛范围的聚合物。目前，人们的注意力转向了聚合物作为土壤清除剂和分散剂的使用。释放土壤或去除土壤的聚合物是由于将合成纤维引入织物而开发出来的试剂。虽然合成纤维(主要是涤纶纤维)的使用带来了更坚固和更耐用的面料，但它也不可避免地带来了油污问题。因此，土壤释放聚合物的使用对于100%聚酯和棉-聚酯混纺织物来说都是必不可少的[3]。尽管如此，绝大多数用于洗衣粉的合成聚合物(主要是石化基材)在毒理上是安全的，但不能生物降解。对化石资源不可逆转的枯竭的担忧、不断演变的政府政策以及对环境的担忧，正在推动寻找替代能源。出于这个原因，由于天然聚合物是可再生的，而且基本上是可生物降解的，它们最近在洗涤剂行业引起了极大的兴趣。目标和方法。该项目旨在设计、合成和表征以天然聚合物为原料的新型土壤缓释剂。将探索几种多糖骨架。这些物质选自纤维素、菊粉、壳聚糖、普鲁兰、木聚糖、硬葡聚糖和裂叶聚糖。它们的性能将通过化学修饰进行调整。更具体地说，将明智地选择各种试剂(例如疏水试剂、阳离子试剂)，以增强或提供最终产品的特定特性，例如水溶性、土壤乳化等。将采用各种合成程序。合成聚合物衍生品将使用几种技术的组合方法来表征。具体地说，核磁共振和傅里叶变换红外光谱用于了解衍生物的微观结构，而电导和电位滴定以及元素分析用于揭示衍生物的分子组成。土壤释放性能将通过室内测试进行探索。然后将研究改良类型与土壤释放效益之间的关系。参考文献[1]Randall A.Watson，《洗涤剂配方》，见：Michael S.Showell(编辑)，《洗涤剂手册：配方》，CRC Press LLC，2009，第51-103页。[2]Y.Y.Yang xin1，Z.jin，A.E.Bayly，《洗涤剂配方中表面活性剂和助剂的发展》，中国。J·化学。英语。16(2008)517-527.[3]W.Bertleff，P.Neumann，R.Baur和D.Kiessling，聚合物在洗涤剂中的应用方面，J表面活性剂Deterg.1(1998)419-424。

The composition of modern laundry products has dramatically changed throughout the last 20 years as a result of companies trying to meet the changing washing habits and demands of consumers [1]. Although surfactants still represent the main core of a laundry formulation, many other ingredients have been constantly introduced, thus enabling the fine control of the cleaning performances [1]. Besides builders, bleaching agents, enzymes, and chelating agents, polymers play an important role. As a matter of fact, those provide several benefits such as surfactant boosting, soil suspension, surface modification, dye transfer inhibition, etc. The use of polymers in laundry products has changed as detergent formulations have evolved. Initially, polycarboxylates, in the form of homo- and copolymers of acrylic acid or maleic acid, were introduced to replace sodium tripolyphosphate (being generally used as a builder) to address government regulations and restrictions. [2]. Form this positive result a wide spectrum of polymers for different purposes appeared. Currently, the attention is shifted towards the use of polymers as both soil removals and dispersants. Soil release or soil removals polymers are agents that have been developed as a consequence of the introduction of synthetic fibres into fabrics. Although the adoption of synthetic fibres (mostly polyester fibres) has led to more robust and resistant fabrics, it has also inevitably driven to a problem with oily stain. As a consequence, the employment of soil-release polymers is essential for both 100% polyester and cotton-polyester blends [3]. That said, the vast majority of synthetic polymers (mostly petrochemical-based) used in laundry detergents are toxicologically safe but not biodegradable. Concerns regarding the irreversible depletion of fossil resources, evolving government policies as well as environmental concerns, are driving the search for alternatives. For this reason, since natural polymers are renewable and largely biodegradable, they have recently found a great interest in the detergent industry. Objective and methodology. This project aims to design, synthetise and characterise new soil-release agents starting from natural polymers. Several polysaccharide backbones will be explored. Those are selected from cellulose, inulin, chitosan, pullulan, xylan, scleroglucan and schizophyllan. Their properties will be tuned by chemical modifications. More specifically, various reagents (e.g., hydrophobic, cationic) will be wisely chosen in order to enhance or to provide specific characteristics to the final products, for instance, water-solubility, soil emulsification, etc. Various synthetic procedures will be pursued. Synthetic polymer derivates will be characterised by using a combined approach of several techniques. Specifically, NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) to understand derivates' microscopic architecture while conductimetric and potentiometric titration as well as elemental analysis to shed light on derivates' molecular composition. Soil release performances will be explored through in house tests. The relationship between the types of modification and soil release benefit will be then investigated. Lastly, the products' biodegradation profile will be monitored.Bibliography[1] Randall A. Watson, Laundry Detergent Formulations, in: Michael S. Showell (Ed.), Handbook of Detergents: Formulation, CRC Press LLC., 2009, pp. 51-103.[2] Y.Yangxin1, Z. Jin, A. E. Bayly, Development of Surfactants and Builders in Detergent Formulations, Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 16(2008) 517-527.[3] W. Bertleff, P. Neumann, R. Baur, and D. Kiessling, Aspects of Polymer Use in Detergents, J Surfactants Deterg. 1(1998) 419 - 424.