A Criminological Investigation into the Operation and Effects of Structural Violence on Migrant Offenders within Italy's Criminal Justice System

尽管移民仅占意大利人口的13%，但占监狱人口的32.5%（Antigone，2020）。这个研究项目将探讨这种过度代表性背后的原因，这是一个迄今为止学术界很少关注的问题。对行政移民拘留的压倒性关注（见Aliverti，2012; Franco和Bosworth，2013; Canning，2017），事实上，对移民的刑事起诉在很大程度上被忽视了。这是本研究旨在解决的学术文献中的一个突出空白。特别是，这项研究的目的是调查移徙、个性和刑事司法之间的关系;意大利刑事司法系统在刑事监禁中移民人数过多方面的作用，以评估其运作是否作为压迫的结构性表现，将移徙转变为需要明显惩罚的法律和秩序问题;意大利刑事司法系统在与移民有关的压迫和边缘化生产中的贡献，以及这些如何具体化为社会危害;最后，什么是有效的，在减轻意大利刑事司法系统在移徙方面不公正的结构性风险方面，哪些措施不起作用，哪些措施有希望。为了解决其目标，本研究采用了多个案例研究的研究设计的三个意大利城市。罗马、米兰和佛罗伦萨是有目的地被选中的，因为根据2020年7月31日的记录，它们拥有最多的被监禁移民（在因刑事而非行政犯罪被判刑后）（Antigone，2020）。将通过利用病例信息（即，犯罪类型或刑期、种族、原籍国、年龄和任何其他信息）、法律的和政策文件。数据收集方法还将涉及个人深入访谈，这将有助于分享个人经验，以及焦点小组，讨论围绕刑事监禁中移民人数过多的引人注目的宏观问题。数据将通过话语分析进行检查，这将有助于了解参与者如何通过他们使用的语言与他们的生活，社会结构和权力动态构建意义。参与者将是通过滚雪球抽样招募的与意大利刑事司法系统有过接触的移民;以及刑事司法从业人员、社区代表和人道主义利益攸关方，他们将被有目的地安排到特定地点，以挑选了解本研究旨在解决的问题的个人。

Despite representing a mere 13% of the Italian population, immigrants make up 32.5% of the prison population (Antigone, 2020). This research project will examine the reasons behind this overrepresentation, a subject that has received scant academic attention hitherto. An overwhelming focus on administrative immigration detention (see, for instance, Aliverti, 2012; Franco and Bosworth, 2013; Canning, 2017) has, in fact, left the criminal prosecution of migrants largely overlooked. This is a prominent gap in the academic literature that this research aims to address. In particular, this research aims to investigate the relationship between migration, individuality and criminal justice; the contribution of the Italian criminal justice system in the overrepresentation of immigrants in criminal incarceration, to assess whether its functioning acts as a structural expression of oppression which transforms migration into an issue of law and order needing pronounced punitiveness; the contribution of the Italian criminal justice system in the production of oppression and marginality in relation to migration, and how these crystallise into social harm; finally, what works, what does not work and what is promising in terms of mitigating the structured risk of the Italian criminal justice system for injustice in relation to migration. In order to address its aims, this research employs a multiple case study research design of three Italian cities. Rome, Milan, and Florence were purposively selected because they possessed the highest numbers of incarcerated migrants (after sentencing for a criminal rather than administrative offence), as recorded on 31 July 2020 (Antigone, 2020). Significant background data will be obtained and analysed through drawing on case information (i.e., types of crime or length of sentence, ethnicity, country of origin, age, and anything additional), legal and policy documentation. Data collection methods will also involve individual in-depth interviews, which will be utilised for favouring the sharing of personal individual experiences, as well as focus group, for discussing compelling macro level issues around the overrepresentation of immigrants in criminal incarceration. Data will be examined through discourse analysis, which will help understand how participants construct meaning through the language they use in relation to their lives, social structure, and power dynamics. Participants will be migrants who have had contact with Italy's criminal justice system, recruited through snowball sampling; and criminal justice practitioners, community representatives and humanitarian stakeholders, who will be purposively located to select individuals who are knowledgeable about the issues this research aims to address.