The post-covid gendered division of care-Exploring the changing nature of fatherhood as a result of the coronavirus: A cross-country comparison

近几十年来，学术界对父亲的兴趣有所增加。这在很大程度上是由社会变化引起的。传统的父亲身份与传统的性别分工密切相关——男性是养家糊口的人，女性是主要的照顾者（Edwards et al., 2009; McGill, 2014; Williams, 2008）。然而，最近，性别角色变得不那么明确了，对“好”父亲的规范和期望也发生了变化。一个“好”父亲现在被认为在身体和情感上都参与到孩子的生活中（Dermott和Miller, 2015; McGill, 2014; Williams, 2008）。有证据表明父亲更关心孩子。近几十年来，父亲花更多的时间与孩子在一起，特别是在双收入家庭（Bianchi等人，2006；O'Brien和Shemilt， 2003）。同样，关于父亲的定性研究，如德莫特2003年的研究，发现父亲将情感的开放和与孩子的亲密关系视为成为一个好父亲的必要条件。2019冠状病毒病大流行及其给工作和家庭生活带来的前所未有的变化，可能会影响父亲角色的变化（Alon等人，2020;Dugarova, 2020； Hipp和Bunning， 2020）。它给许多父母带来了额外的育儿负担，对照顾的性别分工产生了根本性影响。初步调查结果表明，它加剧了性别分工的不平等。母亲承担了大部分新的育儿责任，因此更有可能影响其就业状况（Andrew et al., 2020; Chung et al., 2020; Collins et al., 2020; Ipsos MORI, 2020）。然而，强有力的证据表明，父亲的育儿参与也显著增加（Andrew et al., 2020; Chung et al., 2020; Craig and Churchill, 2020; Kreyenfeld and Zinn, 2020; Sevillia and Smith, 2020）。塞维利亚和史密斯（2020）发现，与2015年相比，英国父亲每周多花19.4小时照顾孩子。虽然母亲们看到了更大的增长，但额外育儿时间的分配更为平均。父亲参与儿童保育的增加可能会对他们长期参与儿童保育产生积极影响。来自父亲使用育儿假的证据表明，即使父亲在家时间的小幅增加也会对他们的育儿参与产生长期影响（Haas和Hwang, 2008； Huerta等人，2017；O'Brein和Wall, 2017； Tanaka和Waldfogel 2007）。封锁对家庭生活的冲击比育儿假改革更大，因此显然有可能改变照顾的性别分工。人们的态度已经发生了变化，父亲们表示希望减少工作时间，更灵活地工作，以便有更多的时间陪伴孩子（Chung et al., 2020）。人们也越来越认识到，雇主需要让男性更容易将工作和照顾孩子结合起来（Ipsos MORI, 2020）。这些变化是否会持续，我们拭目以待。这项研究将以更广泛的关于父亲角色转变的文献为基础，旨在确定冠状病毒及其对工作和家庭生活的影响是否会像以前的研究无法确定的那样，对两性的照顾分工产生长期影响。它还将研究冠状病毒和父亲角色的变化可能对工作和家庭政策产生的影响。研究Questionsi。在盎格鲁-撒克逊国家，冠状病毒对父亲的长期影响是什么？2。冠状病毒对家庭政策的影响是什么？它给父亲的角色带来了什么变化？

In recent decades academic interest in fatherhood has increased. This has largely arisen out of social changes. Traditional fatherhood is closely associated with the traditional gendered division of labour-men as breadwinners and women primary caregivers (Edwards et al., 2009; McGill, 2014; Williams, 2008). However, more recently gender roles have become less defined and norms and expectations of a 'good' father have shifted. A 'good' father is now seen as physically and emotionally involved in their children's lives (Dermott and Miller, 2015; McGill, 2014; Williams, 2008).There is evidence of this more involved father. Over recent decades, fathers have spent more time with their children, particularly in dual-income households (Bianchi et al., 2006; O'Brien and Shemilt, 2003). Similarly, qualitative studies on fathering, such as Dermott's 2003 study, have found fathers see emotional openness and an intimate relationship with their children as integral to being a good father. The Covid-19 pandemic, and the unprecedented changes it bought to work and family life, is likely to impact on this changing role of fathers (Alon et al., 2020; Dugarova, 2020; Hipp and Bunning, 2020). It left many parents with additional childcare burdens, having fundamental implications on the gendered division of care. Initial findings suggest it has heightened unequal gendered division of labour. Mothers have shouldered the bulk of new childcare responsibilities and have been much more likely to have their employment status affected as a result (Andrew et al., 2020; Chung et al., 2020; Collins et al., 2020; Ipsos MORI, 2020). Nevertheless, strong evidence suggests father's childcare involvement has also significantly increased (Andrew et al., 2020; Chung et al., 2020; Craig and Churchill, 2020; Kreyenfeld and Zinn, 2020; Sevillia and Smith, 2020). Sevilla and Smith (2020) found, compared to 2015, UK fathers have taken on 19.4 hours more weekly childcare. Although mothers saw a greater increase, the allocation of additional childcare hours was more equally distributed.Fathers' increased childcare participation will potentially positively impact their long-term childcare involvement. Evidence from father's use of parental leave has shown, even small increases in father's time at home can have long-lasting effects on their childcare involvement (Haas and Hwang, 2008; Huerta et al., 2017; O'Brein and Wall, 2017; Tanaka and Waldfogel 2007). Lockdown has been a greater shock to family life than parental leave reforms and thus has clear potential to transform the gendered division of care. Attitudes are already changing, with fathers expressing a wish to reduce hours and work more flexibly to spend more time with their children (Chung et al., 2020). There is also increased understanding that employers need to make it easier for men to combine work and childcare (Ipsos MORI, 2020). We wait to see whether these changes will be sustained.This study will build on wider literature on fathers changing roles and will aim to determine whether, as previous studies have been unable to, the coronavirus and the consequent changes to work and family life have had long-lasting effects on the gendered division of care. It will also look to ascertain the implications that the coronavirus and fathers' changing roles may have on work and family policy. Research Questionsi. What have been the long-term implications of the coronavirus on fatherhood in Anglo-Saxon countries? ii. What are the family policy implications of the coronavirus and the changes that it has bought to father's roles?