Parenting Interventions for Parents of Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities

智力残疾（ID）出现在儿童生命的发育阶段，并且由对发育具有持久影响的认知和适应缺陷定义（Department of Health，2001; Carulla等人，2011年）。患有ID的孩子通常与父母的额外压力有关（Amaral，Dawson和Geschwind，2011; Peer和Hillman，2014）。此外，青春期是一个重要的发展时期，身体、社会、情感和认知都会发生变化，所有这些都可能导致青少年更容易出现情感和行为问题。此外，精神健康问题的发作和流行在青春期和成年早期达到高峰（Kessler等人，2007年）。因此，青春期给ID个体的父母带来了进一步的挑战。与他们通常发育的同龄人相比，ID青少年更有可能表现出情感、行为和心理健康问题（Ageranioti-Belanger等人，2012; Baker等人，2002年）。行为问题的增加与父母幸福感的下降有关（Baker，2005年; Cohen等人，2016; Giallo等人，2015年）。越来越多的证据表明，父母的干预措施可以有效地改善父母的养育方式，青少年行为和情绪问题，家庭关系以及精神健康和ID儿童父母的福祉（Brereton，通格和Kiomall，2009; Mazzucchelli，Jenkins和Sofronoff，2018; Ward，Theule和Cheung，2016; Webster-Stratton和Reid，2017）。然而，有一个缺乏研究的重点是对青少年的养育干预与ID.在赫里福德郡和伍斯特郡卫生与保健（HWHC）NHS信托和三重P国际合作，这个博士旨在评估养育干预ID青少年，并有助于在这个被忽视的领域的证据基础。研究1的目的是综合现有的证据，使用基于父母的干预措施，为青少年ID，通过完成现有的亲职计划和结果的系统性审查与ID的青少年和他们的父母和家庭。研究2的目的是审查建桥3 P方案。我们将与ID青少年的父母，ID青少年以及与这些家庭合作的专业人员开展一系列咨询研讨会。收集到的信息将通过专题分析进行综合，并由一个专家小组进行审查。研究3旨在全面评估所有利益相关者的建桥三P干预措施的可行性和可接受性。本研究将是一项双组可行性研究，受试者随机接受研究2中开发的干预措施。与利益相关者的访谈将被收集，以便从研究参与者的角度探索可行性研究问题，并阐明关键的过程问题。本研究的总体目标是帮助为ID青少年的父母提供适当的支持，以改善这些家庭的结果。在学术上，这个项目将提供一个深入了解家长干预的青少年ID，以前被忽视的研究领域的父母。拟议的研究还将为未来的桥梁建设三P计划研究提供信息。同样，这项研究将为我们的合作伙伴提供有价值的见解，随后使Triple P和HWHC NHS Trust能够有效地为家庭提供支持。

Intellectual disability (ID) emerges during the developmental stage of a child's life and is defined by cognitive and adaptive deficits which have a lasting impact on development (Department of Health, 2001; Carulla et al., 2011). Having a child with ID is often associated with additional stressors for parents (Amaral, Dawson and Geschwind, 2011; Peer and Hillman, 2014). Further, adolescence is a significant time in development, with physical, social, emotional and cognitive changes, all of which can contribute to increased vulnerability of emotional and behavioural problems for adolescents. In addition, the onset and prevalence of mental health problems peaks during adolescence and early adulthood (Kessler et al., 2007). Therefore, the period of adolescence adds further challenges for parents of individuals with ID. Compared to their typically developing peers, adolescents with ID are more likely to exhibit emotional, behavioural and mental health problems (Ageranioti-Belanger et al., 2012; Baker et al., 2002). Increases in behavioural problems have been associated with decreases in parental well-being (Baker, 2005; Cohen et al., 2016; Giallo et al., 2015). There is a growing evidence-base to suggest that parenting interventions are effective in improving parenting, adolescent behavioural and emotional problems, family relationships and mental health and wellbeing of parents of children with ID (Brereton, Tonge, and Kiomall, 2009; Mazzucchelli, Jenkins and Sofronoff, 2018; Ward, Theule, and Cheung, 2016; Webster-Stratton and Reid, 2017). However, there is a lack of research focusing on parenting interventions for adolescents with ID. In collaboration with Herefordshire and Worcestershire Health and Care (HWHC) NHS Trust and Triple P International, this PhD aims to evaluate parenting interventions for adolescents with ID and to contribute to the evidence base in this neglected area. The aim of Study 1 is to synthesise the existing evidence on the use of parent-based interventions for adolescents with ID, by completing a systematic review of existing parenting programmes and outcomes for adolescents with ID and their parents and families. Study 2 aims to review the Building Bridges Triple P programme. We will undertake a series of consultation workshops with parents of adolescents with ID, adolescents with ID, and professionals who work with these families. Information collected will be synthesised using thematic analysis and reviewed by an expert panel. Study 3 aims to comprehensively evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the Building Bridges Triple P intervention for all stakeholders. This study will be a two-arm, feasibility study, with participants randomised to the intervention developed in Study 2. Interviews with stakeholders will be gathered to enable exploration of the feasibility research questions from the perspectives of the participants in the study and elucidate key process issues.The overarching goal of this research is to help provide parents of adolescents with ID with appropriate support in order to improve outcomes for these families. Academically, this project will offer an in-depth understanding of parental interventions for parents of adolescents with ID, an area of research previously overlooked. The proposed research will also inform future research into the Building Bridges Triple P programme. Equally, this research will offer a valuable insight for our collaborative partners, subsequently enabling Triple P and HWHC NHS Trust to effectively tailor the support it provides to families.