IoT Autonomous Agents Powered by Blockchain Technology

传统的物联网（IoT）系统依赖于云或集中式系统进行决策和存储，从而在威胁模型[1]中增加了一层。单点故障、拒绝服务（DoS）攻击和第三方数据操纵只是此类系统中存在的一些问题。区块链是物联网基础设施中针对这些问题的解决方案，主要关注数据不变性、数据访问权限和设备认证[2,3]。当前的实现通常依赖于集中式实体来对物联网设备进行状态更改，例如使用RESTful服务来指示物联网设备执行另一个操作[4,5]，这与使用任何集中式架构具有相同的缺点。自主代理是一种软件，通过对各自环境中的状态和事件做出反应，在没有任何人为干预的情况下发挥作用。区块链技术的兴起激发了人们对自主代理导向系统的新兴趣[7,8]。自主代理的一个例子是计算机病毒[9]。病毒几乎有了自己的“生命”，一旦被释放，它们可以继续感染原来的机器以外的机器。自治代理还可以相互协作，通常称为多代理系统。集中式架构对自主代理充满敌意，因为停机和网络安全威胁会破坏系统的自主性。区块链网络可以作为物联网设备之间的通信层，并有可能促进设备之间的完全自治，从而实现真正的点对点通信。该项目旨在确定在这种情况下分散决策的可行性，并发现道德和技术限制领域出现的挑战。我们的用例是农业技术；在各种规模的农场中使用的联网设备。我们将使用NUFarms最先进的农业技术试验台从相关物联网设备收集数据，例如位置、光学、电化学、机械、介质土壤湿度、空气流动、移动应用程序、作物管理系统（例如半系统和可耕地）和一系列数字农场管理程序。将利用自治代理的意见设计和开发一个分散的系统，以解决此类系统的安全和隐私问题。该试验台将模拟一个完整的智能农业周期，包括预种植、栽培、生长、收获、储存、加工、批发营销、零售营销和消费。Fernandez-Carames等人，2018。区块链在物联网中的应用综述。IEEE Access 2。Kshetri, 2017年。b区块链能加强物联网吗？Professional3。Conoscenti等人，2016。区块链物联网：系统的文献综述。IEEE AICCSA4。Hang等人，2019。传感数据完整性的集成物联网区块链平台的设计与实现。Sensors5。崔等，2019。物联网数据管理和血统可追溯性：基于区块链的解决方案。IEEE / ICCC 6。利伯曼，1997年3月。自主接口代理。ACM CHI7。Afanasyev等，2019。基于区块链的多智能体机器人系统：分析、分类与应用[j]。Calvaresi等人，2018。多智能体系统与b区块链：来自系统文献综述的结果。agent的实际应用进展[j]。V. Buterin, 2014。dao, dac， da和更多：一个不完整的术语指南。[网络]Blog.ethereum.org。10. Singh et al., 2015。云计算中基于自治代理的负载均衡算法。计算机科学学报

Traditional Internet of Things (IoT) systems rely on Cloud or centralised systems for decision making and storage, resulting in an additional layer in the threat model [1]. Having a single point of failure, denial of service (DoS) attacks and third-party data manipulation are just some of the issues that are present in such systems. Blockchain is offered as a solution to these issues in IoT infrastructures focussing on data immutability, data access permission and device authentication [2,3]. Current implementations normally rely on a centralised entity to make state changes to IoT devices such as consuming a RESTful service to instruct IoT devices to perform another action [4,5], which comes with the same downsides as using any centralised architecture.Autonomous Agents are pieces of software that act and can function without any human intervention by reacting to states and events in their respective environment [6]. The rise in blockchain technology has stimulated renewed interest in Autonomous Agent-oriented systems [7,8]. An example of an autonomous agent is a computer virus [9]. Viruses almost take on a 'life' of their own as once released, they can continue to infect machines other than the original. Autonomous Agents can also work in conjunction with each other [10], often called a multi-agent system. Centralised architecture is hostile towards autonomous agents as downtime and cybersecurity threats disrupt autonomy of systems. A Blockchain network can act as a communication layer between IoT devices and has the potential to promote total autonomy between devices enabling true peer-to-peer communication. This project aims to determine the viability of decentralised decision-making in this context, and discover the challenges arising in the areas of ethics and technological limitations. Our use case is Agri-tech; connected devices used in farms at various scales. We will use NUFarms' state of the art Agri-Tech test-bed to gather data from relevant IoT devices e.g. location, optical, electro-chemical, mechanical, dielectric soil moisture, air flow, mobile apps, crop management systems (e.g., semios & arable) and a range of digital farm management programmes. A decentralised system will be designed and developed utilising the Autonomous Agents comments to address the security and privacy issues of such systems. The testbed will simulate a full smart farming cycle including Pre-planting, Cultivation, Growing, Harvesting, Storage, Processing, Wholescale marketing, Retail marketing, and Consumption.References1. Fernandez-Carames, et al., 2018. A Review on the Use of Blockchain for the Internet of Things. IEEE Access 2. Kshetri, 2017. Can Blockchain Strengthen the Internet of Things?. IT Professional3. Conoscenti, et al., 2016. Blockchain for the Internet of Things: A systematic literature review. IEEE AICCSA4. Hang, et al., 2019. Design and Implementation of an Integrated IoT Blockchain Platform for Sensing Data Integrity. Sensors5. Cui, et al., 2019. IoT Data Management and Lineage Traceability: A Blockchain-based Solution. IEEE/ICCC 6. Lieberman, 1997, March. Autonomous interface agents. ACM CHI7. Afanasyev, et al., 2019. Towards Blockchain-based Multi-Agent Robotic Systems: Analysis, Classification and Applications8. Calvaresi, et al., 2018. Multi-Agent Systems & Blockchain: Results from a Systematic Literature Review. Advances in Practical App of Agents9. Buterin, V., 2014. DAOs, DACs, DAs and More: An Incomplete Terminology Guide. [online] Blog.ethereum.org. 10. Singh et al., 2015. Autonomous Agent Based Load Balancing Algorithm in Cloud Computing. Procedia Computer Science