Remote Sensing of Snow for Improvement of Weather Forecasts

为了进一步了解北极大气条件和中纬度天气之间的联系，更准确的数值天气预报（NWP）是专门为北极需要的。这也是由于该地区气候条件的迅速变化而受到追捧，这将增加旅游业、航运路线和资源勘探的机会（Lawrence等人，2019年）。尽管缺乏北纬70度以北的常规天气数据，但卫星微波观测的覆盖范围非常广，可以提供北极大气状况的探测数据（Lemke和Ren，2007年）。//然而，由于不断变化的雪的性质产生的信号受到污染，微波探测的大气数据在天气预报中被忽略。因此，需要阐明由晶体行为、雪深和密度驱动的雪排放和大气噪声的空间变异性，以便将微波数据同化到模型中（Picard等人，2018年）。通过模拟这些变量，可以与当前的卫星数据进行比较，从而放松对数值天气预报的约束（Brucker等人，2010年）。因此，将有价值的微波探测纳入西北太平洋方案可能会改变东欧、北方、北美、中纬度和北极地区的天气预报方式（Jung等人，2014年）。//本项目的目标和宗旨如下。//该项目旨在改进将卫星数据纳入数值天气预报的方法，并提供更准确的北极天气预报。//为了实现这些目标，提出了以下目标：// * 从雪的特性，如雪的深度，密度，粒度和温度来估计微波发射的空间变异性，以加强对微波散射模型的约束。// * 利用雪微波辐射传输（SMRT）模型模拟卫星和气象局活动数据中的微波发射，并尝试复制卫星尺度的数据。//建议的方法。// * 被动卫星观测雪。* 高级微波探测装置（AMSU-A和AMSU-B）。雪微波辐射传输模型（SMRT）气象局MACSSIMIZE现场活动数据。//

In order to further understand the linkages between Arctic atmospheric conditions and mid-latitude weather, more accurate Numerical Weather Predictions (NWP) are exclusively required for the Arctic. This is also sought-after due to rapidly changing climatic conditions in the region which will increase opportunities for tourism, shipping routes and resource exploration (Lawrence et al., 2019). Despite a lack of conventional weather data north of 70oN, there is exceptional coverage from satellite microwave observations which can provide sounding data for Arctic atmospheric conditions (Lemke and Ren, 2007). // However, atmospheric data from microwave sounding is disregarded in weather predictions due to contaminated signals deriving from ever-changing snow properties. Therefore, the spatial variability of snow emission and atmospheric noise driven by crystal behaviour, snow depth and density need to be elucidated in order to assimilate microwave data into models (Picard et al., 2018). By simulating these variables, comparisons can be made to current satellite data and thus relax constraints for Numerical Weather Predictions (Brucker et al., 2010). Thus, integrating valuable microwave sounding into NWPs would potentially change the way in which weather in eastern Europe, northern Asia, North America, the mid-latitudes and the Arctic is forecasted (Jung et al. 2014). // The following aims and objectives have been proposed for this project. // This project aims to improve ways in which satellite data is assimilated into Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and provide more accurate Arctic weather forecasts. // To achieve these aims, the following objectives have been proposed: // * To estimate the spatial variability of microwave emission from snow properties such as snow depth, density, grainsize and temperature to tighten constraints for microwave scattering models. // * To simulate microwave emissions represented in satellite and Met Office campaign data with the Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer (SMRT) model and attempt to replicate data at the satellite scale. // Proposed Methods. // * Passive Satellite Observations of Snow. // * Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSU-A and AMSU-B). // * The Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer Model (SMRT).* Met Office MACSSIMIZE Field Campaign Data. //