Intelligent Designing of PV Systems to deal with Partial Shading Effects.

在这个时代，电子产品的大量使用、化石燃料的快速消耗、大气问题和能源危机引起了人们对可再生能源利用和开发的广泛关注。光伏（PV）能源是可再生能源中资源丰富的一种，因为它是普遍的、免费的、环保的。此外，它具有更少的操作和维护成本，并且在更长的时间内具有经济吸引力，还有其他一些好处。在过去的十年里，光伏系统的需求量一直很高，其全球安装总量超过500吉瓦。使用光伏阵列可以从太阳能中获得清洁的电能。光伏阵列是由光伏组件并联和串联组合而成的，光伏组件是光伏系统的基本组成部分。光伏阵列的输出电流和电压之间存在高度非线性关系，主要取决于温度和辐照度等大气条件。此外，影响光伏系统输出效率的内部和外部因素很多，如太阳辐照度、串联和并联电阻、内部温度、二极管因素、负载、光伏阵列表面、阴影、污垢等。光伏阵列上辐照度的均匀分布和不均匀分布分别产生均匀遮阳条件（USC）和部分遮阳条件（PSC）。部分阴影可能发生在一些物体上，例如云、树木、建筑物、飞行的飞机、飞行的鸟等。在这项研究工作中，将通过MPP跟踪，阵列重构和系统建模来减轻部分遮阳效应进行详细的调查。仿真将在Matlab/Simulink上进行，并进行硬件实现以验证结果。建议的工作将与最近的文献作品进行比较，以证明其有效性。

The immense use of electronic appliances in this era, rapid consumption of fossil fuels, atmospheric issues, and energy crisis have attracted wide attention toward the usage and exploration of renewable energy (RE). Photovoltaic (PV) energy is an abundantly available source among RE sources because it is universal, freely available, and eco-friendly. Also, it has fewer operational and maintenance costs and is economically attractive for a longer duration of time with several other benefits. PV systems have been in high demand over the past decade with their total global installation amount of more than 500 GW. Clean electrical energy can be obtained from solar energy using PV arrays. PV arrays are made by making parallel and series combinations of PV modules that make a basic part of PV systems. The PV array has a high nonlinear relation between output current and voltage and it depends mainly on atmospheric conditions like temperature and irradiance. Furthermore, there are many internal and external factors affecting the output efficiency of PV systems such as solar irradiance, series, and parallel resistance, internal temperature, diode factor, load, PV array surface, shadow, dirt, etc., The uniform and non-uniform distribution of irradiance over the PV arrays gives rise to conditions called uniform shading condition (USC) and partial shading condition (PSC) respectively. The partial shading can occur due to several objects i.e., clouds, trees, buildings, a flying plane, a flying bird, etc. In this research work, a detailed investigation will be carried out to mitigate the partial shading effects through MPP tracking, Array reconfiguration, and system modeling. The simulations will be carried out on Matlab/Simulink and hardware implementation will be carried out to validate the results. The proposed work will be compared with recent works in literature to prove its effectiveness.