Investigating the Impacts of Multiple Stressors on Marine Ecosystems

人为的压力，如气候变化和污染，正在迅速侵蚀自然生态系统（Orr等人，2020; Kunze等人，2021年）。了解这些压力源的影响对于预测、管理和缓解影响至关重要。共同发生的压力源可能具有组合的累加效应，其是其独立效应的可预测总和。然而，非累加效应，即协同（应激源彼此放大）或拮抗（应激源彼此减轻），是较不可预测的（Breitburg，B.，Seitzinger，S. & Sanders，J.，1999年; Litté，I.，亲爱的，E。& Brown，C.，2016）。压力源可能会在时间和空间上以不同的方式相互作用，改变它们对生态系统组织不同层次的独立和综合影响（杰克逊等人，2021).对海洋底栖和潮间带生态系统的多重压力影响研究不足，尽管它们提供了一系列生态系统功能和服务（Pansch & Hiebenthal，2019）。例如，底栖生态系统在全球碳和养分循环过程中至关重要;潮间生态系统往往含有生活在其温度极限附近的物种，可作为气候变化影响的早期指标（Helmandy等人，2006; Kordas等人，2014）。这些生态系统面临着无处不在的非生物压力源，如上升流和极端的潮汐变化，使它们特别容易受到人为压力源的影响，包括变暖和污染（Waldbusser and Salisbury，2014）然而，多重压力源研究通常受到两个关键缺陷的限制：1）研究经常假设压力源同时发生; 2）研究通常量化压力对低水平生态系统组织的影响，如生存或丰度（杰克逊等人，2021年）。这些缺点降低了多重压力源研究的时间和生物现实性。全球人为压力源的强度不断增加，需要多重压力源研究必须更多地关注海洋生态系统。这与联合国海洋科学十年和生态系统恢复十年相呼应。我的博士将探索这一研究空白，重点是底栖和潮间带生态系统，并应确保比以前的研究更大的时间和生物现实主义。我的目标是开发可复制的大规模数据收集方法，以传播对这一领域的持续，长期关注。

Anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change and pollution, are rapidly eroding natural ecosystems (Orr et al., 2020; Kunze et al., 2021). Understanding the effects of these stressors is imperative for the prediction, management, and mitigation of impacts. Co-occurring stressors may have a combined, additive effect that is a predictable sum of their independent effects. However, non-additive effects, namely synergistic (stressors amplify each other) or antagonistic (stressors mitigate each other), are less predictable (Breitburg, B., Seitzinger, S. & Sanders, J., 1999; Côté, I., Darling, E. & Brown, C., 2016). Stressors may interact in different ways over time and space, changing their independent and combined effects on different levels of ecosystem organisation (Jackson et al., 2021).Multiple stressor impacts on marine benthic and intertidal ecosystems are understudied, despite the range of ecosystem functions and services they provide (Pansch & Hiebenthal, 2019). For instance, benthic ecosystems are vital in global carbon and nutrient cycling processes; and intertidal ecosystems often contain species living near their thermal limit, serving as an early indicator of climate change impacts (Helmuth et al., 2006; Kordas et al., 2014). These ecosystems face ubiquitous abiotic stressors such as upwelling and extreme tidal variability, making them particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors, including warming and pollution (Waldbusser and Salisbury, 2014).However, multiple stressor research is often limited by two key shortcomings: 1) studies frequently assume stressors occur synchronously; 2) studies often quantify stressor effects on low levels of ecosystem organisation, such as survival or abundance (Jackson et al., 2021). Such shortcomings reduce the temporal and biological realism of multiple stressor research.Increasing global intensity of anthropogenic stressors necessitates that multiple stressor research must direct more attention to marine ecosystems. This is echoed by the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences and Decade of Ecosystem Restoration. My DPhil shall explore this research gap, with focus on benthic and intertidal ecosystems, and shall ensure greater temporal and biological realism than previous research. I aim to develop replicable methods for large-scale data collection, to propagate sustained, long-term attention to this area.