Fascism for export: Radio and Italian Fascist Transnationalism (1922-1943)

我的项目探讨了意大利的法西斯政权如何试图利用广播在国际上宣传其文化和政治意识形态。这种新的大众媒体使墨索里尼的意大利得以将其信息传播到世界各地，而法西斯主义在两次世界大战之间的崛起则重塑了现有的世界秩序。通过探索该政权如何试图利用广播来最大限度地扩大其国际影响力，我们可以更好地理解其文化愿景及其旨在在全球舞台上发挥的作用。当墨索里尼在1922年夺取政权时，意大利的广播与其欧洲邻国相比严重落后。尽管如此，媒体在墨索里尼统治的第一个十年里逐渐发展起来。然而，就在1935年10月意大利入侵埃塞俄比亚之前的几个月里，由于该政权试图使其好战合法化并获得国内外的支持，无线电输出明显增加。这一峰值的输出点，以更广泛的，未开发的使用无线电作为一种工具，支持法西斯意大利的扩张主义的目的，我的项目examines.Existing的研究提供了一个简短的历史意大利法西斯广播国外，看看专门针对中东国家的广播，并触及意大利语广播到美国。然而，没有任何研究专门探讨使用无线电作为跨国传播法西斯文化的工具。该项目分为三个部分，以便探讨如何调整广播以考虑不同的文化和政治背景。第一个重点是外交政策和外国文化在国内广播的代表性，以了解意大利法西斯主义的看法，其在全球舞台上的位置和广播在传播这一愿景中发挥的作用。第二部分着眼于欧洲的无线电节目，主要是用意大利语广播的，作为祖国对居住在国外的意大利人的呼吁，以及作为向外国人民传播意大利语言和文化的更广泛努力的一部分。我的研究探讨，特别是，这些广播是如何被设计来说服意大利人在他们的东道国促进法西斯意识形态。为了更好地了解广播是如何被用来通过促进法西斯意识形态作为自由民主的替代品来干预其他国家的政治，研究还集中在西班牙语的秘密电台Verdad广播，旨在支持佛朗哥的民族主义者在西班牙内战期间的事业。该项目探讨了广播如何适应目标受众以及政权与西班牙民族主义运动之间的合作。第三部分是对美国播出的意大利语节目。作为一个建立在自由贸易和企业资本主义基础上的自由民主国家，美国与法西斯主义价值观截然相反，意大利裔美国人发现自己处于意识形态拉锯战的中心。我的研究探讨了该政权如何通过广播，平衡鼓励意大利裔美国人支持法西斯事业，并希望与美国保持积极的外交关系。这三个部分允许检查意大利法西斯政权如何在明显不同的背景下促进其文化和政治意识形态：在意大利，它拥有政治控制权;在西班牙，它认为这是一个潜在的盟友;在美国，它认为占主导地位的意识形态与自己的意识形态直接对立。我的研究依赖于在线和物理档案的结合，包括Radiocorriere杂志的版本，广播的抄本和录音，报告，部长级信件，以及关于无线电输出的调查。通过对广播的文本和技术分析，以及对广播服务的政治和官僚组织的探索，我的项目渴望对我的研究采取一种整体的方法。

My project explores how the Fascist regime in Italy attempted to use radio broadcasts to promote its cultural and political ideology internationally. This new mass medium allowed Mussolini's Italy to spread its message far and wide, as the rise of Fascism in the interwar period worked to reshape the existing world order. By exploring how the regime attempted to use broadcasts to maximise its international reach, we can better understand its cultural vision and the role it aimed to play on the global stage.When Mussolini seized power in 1922, radio in Italy was drastically underdeveloped compared to its European neighbours. Nonetheless, the medium grew gradually in the first decade of Mussolini's rule. It was in the months directly preceding Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935, however, that there was a marked increase in radio output as the regime tried to legitimise its belligerence and garner support at home and abroad. This spike in output points to a wider, unexplored use of radio as a tool for buttressing Fascist Italy's expansionist aims which my project examines.Existing studies offer a brief history of Italian Fascist broadcasts abroad, look at broadcasts targeted specifically at Middle Eastern countries, and touch upon Italian-language broadcasts to the USA. However, no study exists that specifically explores the use of radio as a tool for the transnational dissemination of Fascist culture. The project is divided into three sections, permitting an exploration of how broadcasts were adapted to consider different cultural and political contexts. The first focuses on the representation of foreign policy and foreign cultures in domestic broadcasts in order to understand Italian Fascism's perception of its place on the global stage and the part radio played in disseminating that vision. The second section looks at radio programmes in Europe, broadcast mostly in Italian, examined as calls from the motherland to Italians living abroad and as part of wider attempts to spread Italian language and culture to foreign peoples. My research explores, in particular, how these broadcasts were designed to convince Italians to promote Fascist ideology in their host countries. To better understand how broadcasts were used to intervene in the politics of other countries by promoting fascist ideology as an alternative to liberal democracy, the research also focuses on the clandestine Radio Verdad broadcasts in Spanish which were designed to support the cause of Franco's Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. The project explores how the broadcasts were adapted to the target audience and the collaboration that occurred between the regime and the Nationalist movement in Spain. The third section looks at Italian-language programmes broadcast to the USA. As a liberal democracy founded on free-trading, corporate capitalism, the USA was diametrically opposed to Fascist values and Italian Americans found themselves at the centre of an ideological tug of war borne out over the airwaves. My research explores how the regime, through broadcasts, balanced encouraging Italian Americans to support the Fascist cause with a desire to maintain positive diplomatic relations with the USA.These three sections allow an examination of how the Italian Fascist regime promoted its cultural and political ideology in markedly different contexts: in Italy where it had political control, in Spain where it perceived a potential ally, and in the USA where the dominant ideology was directly opposed to its own. My research relies on a combination of online and physical archives, including editions of the Radiocorriere magazine, transcripts and recordings of broadcasts, reports, ministerial correspondences, and surveys regarding radio output. Through textual and technical analysis of broadcasts as well as an exploration of the political and bureaucratic organisation of the radio service, my project aspires to a holistic approach to my resea