Social and psychological determinants of vaccination uptake - Linking attitudinal and behavioural data to policy analysis and implementation

疫苗接种方案的覆盖率不够理想，仍然是全球卫生的优先事项。欧盟每年有6000万体弱的成年人没有通过接种疫苗来预防流感。流感流行可导致全球50万至100万人死亡。世界卫生组织最近得出结论，与决策和广泛的伙伴关系有关的高质量行为研究对于应对这一挑战至关重要。正在进行的COVID-19大流行可能会加剧对疫苗接种的担忧，特别是对流感疫苗接种的担忧（因为它们都是呼吸道病毒），一些媒体已经报道了反疫苗接种。该项目提供了学术界，疫苗制造业和政策制定之间的新型伙伴关系，以社会科学方法为基础。该项目将应用实施科学概念，这是一个相对较新的多学科领域，旨在加速将研究成果转化为卫生服务和政策（在这种情况下，旨在增加流感疫苗接种覆盖率）。在文献回顾之后，该项目将首先提供一个比较“差距分析”，比较人群对流感疫苗接种（作为“示范”疫苗）的关注与国家疫苗接种政策和支持活动的关注。英国和德国是该研究的两个重点国家。接下来，该项目将在与政策设计和执行利益攸关方的结构化研讨会上解决这些差距（无论在哪里发现）。这些讲习班的成果将是新的疫苗接种政策/运动简报，这些简报以行为证据为依据，由科学家、决策者、倡导者和其他利益攸关方共同设计。最后，该项目将制作以前制定的详细调查的简短版本，以衡量对流感疫苗接种的态度。将使用统计方法来编制这些调查的简短版本，这将更容易由决策者大规模执行。该项目由业主驱动，并对正在进行的COVID 19大流行敏感。因此，我们将寻求将来自流感疫苗接种的成熟态度证据基础的经验教训应用于对COVID 19疫苗的潜在担忧（当一种疫苗变得广泛可用时）。我们将进一步咨询利益相关者（这是拟议研究的核心阶段），如果全球大流行的背景需要这种方法，则将拟议方法应用于季节性流感和COVID 19疫苗接种计划。我们已经开始了这一转化过程：据我们所知，这项研究的学生和导师刚刚发表了英国对COVID 19疫苗的态度研究之一，该研究以流感疫苗接种接受的理论和经验证据为基础。这种灵活性使拟议的博士课程能够灵活地适应和有效地应对大流行的需要和在英国和全球持续成功的流感免疫接种的需要在未来3年。

Suboptimal coverage in vaccination programmes remains a global health priority. Every year 60 million frail adults in the EU are not protected against influenza by vaccination. Flu epidemics can cause between 500,000-1,000,000 deaths globally. The World Health Organisation recently concluded that high-quality behavioural research linked to policy-making and broad partnerships are essential to tackle this challenge. The ongoing COVID19 pandemic is likely to exacerbate some concerns about vaccination in general and about flu vaccination in particular (as they are both respiratory viruses), with anti-vaccination coverage already present in some media. This project offers such a novel partnership between academia, the vaccine manufacturing industry, and policy-making, grounded on social science methods. The project will apply implementation science concepts, which is a relatively new multidisciplinary field aiming to accelerate the translation of research findings into health services and policy (in this case, aiming to increase flu vaccination coverage). Following literature review, the project will firstly deliver a comparative 'gap analysis' between population-level concerns around vaccination for flu (as 'exemplar' vaccine) and what national vaccination policies and supporting campaigns focus on. The UK and Germany are the two countries of focus for the research. Next, the project will address these gaps (wherever found) - at structured workshops with policy design and implementation stakeholders. The outputs of these workshops will be novel vaccination policy/campaign briefs informed by behavioural evidence and co-designed by scientists, policy-makers, advocates and other stakeholders. Finally, the project will produce short versions of previously developed detailed surveys that measure attitudes towards flu vaccination. Statistical methods will be used to derive short versions of those surveys, which will be easier to implement at scale by policy-makers. The project is stakeholder-driven and sensitive to the ongoing COVID19 pandemic. We will thus seek to apply lessons from the well-developed attitudinal evidence base on the flu vaccination to potential concerns about a COVID19 vaccine (when one becomes widely available). We will further consult with stakeholders (which is a core phase of the proposed research) to apply the proposed methods to both the seasonal flu and the COVID19 vaccination programmes if the global pandemic context necessitates this approach. We have already started this translational process: the student and supervisor of this research have just published one of the first, to our knowledge, attitudinal studies of a COVID19 vaccine in the UK, informed by the theoretical and empirical evidence base on flu vaccination acceptance. This flexibility allows the proposed doctoral programme to flexibly adapt and effectively respond to both pandemic need and the need for ongoing successful flu immunisation in the UK and globally in the coming 3 years.