Embodying Antifascism: Military Culture and Military Identity in the Spanish Republican Army during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

这个项目考察了西班牙内战期间在人民军队中形成一种全新军事文化的努力。具体地说，它将研究共和党派别如何(以及结果是什么)试图构建一种军事文化，以及由此产生的植根于人民阵线的进步政治理想和战前共和党军队的自由传统的新的军事认同类别。它询问这样一个雄心勃勃的文化项目是如何由人民阵线的组成政党、专业的共和党军官和更广泛的共和党民间社会构建和谈判的。在较低的层面上，它讨论了这些新的军事身份概念(这带来了全新的男子气概和公民身份概念)是否被共和国士兵吸收和/或质疑，并询问这一项目与其他社区身份，如地区出身、政治派别和主要群体忠诚度的兼容性如何。这些士兵构成了冲突中规模最大、但矛盾的是最不为人所知的社区之一。这个项目不是把这些人淹没在更广泛的国家动员和政治内斗的过程中(就像大多数历史学中的那样)，而是围绕他们的声音、关系和机构，以及这些如何在共和区内构成多元化的身份和文化。通过这样做，它将提供一幅南北战争前线的细微差别图像，超越理想主义志愿者和冷漠的应征士兵的简单二分法，并展示普通西班牙人如何参与到更广泛的共和党国家重建计划中来。这将有助于挑战对当兵和军国主义的过于狭隘的概念，表明这些概念是如何在文化上构建和竞争的(特别是在革命和革命后的社会，如战时的西班牙共和国)，从而对适当的男性行为和服兵役在社会中的重要性产生了新的理解。

This project examines the efforts to form a radically new military culture within the Popular Army during the Spanish Civil War. Specifically, it will examine how (and with what results) the Republican faction attempted to construct a military culture and, with it, new categories of military identity rooted in the progressive political ideals of the Popular Front and the liberal traditions of the pre-war Republican military. It asks how such an ambitious cultural project was constructed from, and negotiated between, the constituent parties of the Popular Front, professional Republican military officers, and Republican civil society more broadly. On a lower level, it addresses whether these new conceptions of military identity (which entailed radically new conceptions of masculinity and citizenship) were co-opted and/or contested by Republican soldiers and asks how compatible this project was with alternative communal identities, such as regional origin, political affiliation, and primary group loyalty. These soldiers constitute one of the largest and, paradoxically, most poorly understood communities of the conflict. Rather than submerging these individuals within broader processes of state mobilisation and political infighting (as in much of the historiography) this project centres upon their voices, relationships, and agency and how these served to constitute a multiplicity of identities and cultures within the Republican Zone. In so doing, it will provide a nuanced image of the Civil War front-line beyond the simplistic dichotomy of idealistic volunteers and indifferent conscripts and demonstrate how ordinary Spaniards engaged with the much wider project of Republican state reconstruction. This will serve to challenge overly narrow conceptions of soldiering and militarism, demonstrating how such ideas have been culturally constructed and contested (particularly in revolutionary and post-revolutionary societies, such as the wartime Spanish Republic) producing new understandings of proper masculine behaviour and the importance of military service in society.