Research into the feasibility of using battolysers to produce green hydrogen

根据2021年AR6 IPCC气候变化报告，到2050年左右，国际温室气体排放量需要削减100%，才有机会保持在巴黎气候协定设定的1. 5摄氏度目标之内。人为的温室气体排放来自一系列来源，包括化石燃料的燃烧，在此过程中向大气中释放碳和氮氧化物。能源部门的脱碳需要用间歇性可再生能源替代恒定输出的发电机，如燃煤和天然气发电厂，如风力涡轮机和太阳能电池板，这可能导致发电的不可预测性和供需之间的不匹配。这将导致电网的频率和电压下降，或过电压，从而对基础设施、消费者和工业设备造成损害。因此，需要储能来弥补这一点，在发电量过剩时提取电力，并在需求大于供应时提供电力，用于季节性和日常管理。电池提供快速响应时间，并将用于短期日常能量存储和管理。它们已经在电网和微电网规模上成功实施，用于频率和电压控制以及峰值功率管理。电解槽将水分解成其组成分子-氢和氧，并被视为通过用氢及其衍生燃料取代化石燃料原料来实现重工业脱碳的途径。通过使用可再生能源为电解槽供电，产生的氢气可以被认为是"绿色氢气"和碳中性。电池和电解槽具有相似的特性和组件。因此，将两者集成到一个单元中，即，“Battolyser”提供了一种新颖的解决方案，以减少电网规模和微电网能量存储的基础设施要求和材料消耗。Battolyser最好采用液流电池的形式，其中用于泵送电解质的基础设施也可以将释放的气体移出电池。为实现这一目标，确定了以下目标：1.了解battolyser如何工作2.比较不同的可能的化学品作为一个battolyser3使用。设计并建造了一个原型系统的battolyser和一个测试台。测试一个小型原型系统，以了解其性能（作为电池和氢气生产者）。将测量电池分解器的容量、氢气产量和放电曲线，并确定电池分解器的等效电路特性5。了解纵向扩展问题

According to the 2021 AR6 IPCC Climate Change report, international greenhouse gas emissions will need to be cut down by 100% by around 2050 to have a chance of staying within the 1.5 degrees C goal set out in the Paris Climate Agreement. Man-made greenhouse gas emissions come from a range of sources including the combustion of fossil fuels, releasing Carbon and Nitrogen Oxides into the atmosphere in the process.De-carbonising the energy sector requires replacing constant output generators, such as coal-fire and gas powerplants, with intermittent renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines and solar panels, which can introduce unpredictability in generation and a mismatch between supply and demand. This will result in frequency and voltage drops across grids, or over-voltages causing damage to infrastructure, consumer, and industrial devices.Energy storage is therefore required to compensate for this, drawing power when there is excess generation and providing it when demand is greater than supply for both seasonal and daily management. Batteries offer rapid response times and will be needed for short-term daily energy storage and management. They have already successfully been implemented at grid and micro-grid scale for frequency & voltage control, and peak power management .Electrolysers split water into its constituent molecules- hydrogen and oxygen and are seen as a pathway toward decarbonising heavy industry by replacing fossil fuel feed-stocks with hydrogen and its derived fuels. By powering electrolysers with renewable energy, the hydrogen generated can be considered "green hydrogen" and carbon neutral.Batteries and electrolysers possess similar properties and components. Therefore, integrating the two into a single unit, i.e., a "Battolyser" offers a novel solution to reducing infrastructure requirements and material consumption for both grid-scale and micro-grid energy storage. Battolysers preferably take the form of flow batteries whereby the infrastructure for pumping the electrolyte also functions to move the evolved gases out of the cell.This research aims to assess the feasibility of a battolyser. To meet that aim, the following objectives have been identified:1. Understand how a battolyser works2. Compare different possible chemistries for use as a battolyser3. Design & build a prototype system of a battolyser and a test rig4. Test a small prototype system to understand its performance (as a battery and producer of hydrogen). Capacity, hydrogen yields, and discharge profiles of the battolyser will all be measured and the battolyser's equivalent circuit characteristics will be determined5. Understand the scale up issues