Memory-Induced Performance Costs in Amnesia

描述（由申请人提供）：该提案代表了对健忘症中记忆诱导的性能成本的系统研究。直到最近，对健忘症患者的备用记忆能力的研究一直集中在一种经历对随后的任务表现的促进作用上。然而，最近对正常认知的研究强调了这样一个事实，即经验诱导的易化是有代价的：对一种刺激的增强处理往往伴随着对另一种刺激的受损处理。令人惊讶的是，对于健忘症患者是否以及在什么条件下表现出在正常认知中观察到的记忆诱导的表现成本，我们知之甚少。本研究在一个框架的指导下，区分了三种记忆诱导的绩效成本：1）在名义上的内隐记忆任务中，外显记忆过程的产物; 2）内隐记忆过程的产物，可能与外显记忆过程相反; 3）那些是抑制性控制过程的结果，这些过程增强刺激选择，并且独立于外显记忆而运作。我们预测，在第一种情况下，健忘症的表现成本会受损或不存在，在第二种情况下，表现成本会正常或高于正常，在第三种情况下，内侧颞叶健忘症表现成本正常，但在科萨科夫健忘症表现成本会受损。更好地理解健忘症患者表现出或不表现出记忆诱导的绩效成本的条件，将阐明健忘症中备用记忆能力的范围和性质，并将限制有关正常认知中绩效成本机制的理论。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal represents a systematic investigation of memory-induced performance costs in amnesia. Until recently, investigations of spared memory capacities in amnesia have focused on the facilitatory effects that an experience can have on subsequent task performance. Recent studies in normal cognition, however, have highlighted the fact that experience-induced facilitation comes at a price: Enhanced processing of one stimulus is often accompanied by impaired processing of another. Surprisingly little is known about whether and under what conditions amnesic patients show the memory-induced performance costs that have been observed in normal cognition. The present studies are guided by a framework that distinguishes among three kinds of memory-induced performance costs: 1) those that are the product of explicit memory processes operating in nominally implicit memory tasks; 2) those that are the product of implicit memory processes and that may be opposed by explicit memory processes; and 3) those that are the consequence of inhibitory control processes that enhance stimulus selection, and that operate independently of explicit memory. We predict that performance costs in amnesia will be impaired or absent in the first instance, normal or greater-than-normal in the second instance, and normal in medial temporal-lobe amnesia but impaired in Korsakoff amnesia in the third instance. A better understanding of the conditions under which amnesic patients do or do not show memory-induced performance costs will elucidate the scope and nature of spared memory capacities in amnesia, and will constrain theories about the mechanisms underlying performance costs in normal cognition.