Age 9 Follow-up of Preventive Intervention

描述（由申请人提供）：本提案寻求对650名儿童及其家庭进行为期9年的随访支持，这些儿童和他们的家庭参加了由辅助专业人员和护士进行产前和婴儿家访的随机试验；参与研究的家庭被分配到对照组、辅助专业组和护士探视组。早期阶段的评估发现，对护士和辅助专业人员访问的家庭和儿童有显著的好处，尽管护士的影响往往更大。当前阶段的随访旨在确定护士和辅助专业项目的效果是否持续并持续到儿童9.5岁。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal seeks support for a 9-year follow-up of 650 children and their families who were enrolled in a randomized trial of prenatal and infancy home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses; participating families were assigned to control, paraprofessional-, or nurse-visited conditions. Earlier phases of assessment found significant benefits for nurse- and paraprofessional-visited families and children, although the nurse effects tended to be larger. The current phase of follow-up is designed to determine whether the effects of the nurse and paraprofessional programs endure and grow through the child age 9.5. The proposal is organized around seven questions: 1. Do the programs of nurse and paraprofessional home-visiting produce enduring effects on: a) mothers' life-course; b) qualities of care parents provide to their children; c) children's early-onset behavior problems; d) children's incoherence and aggression/destruction in response to story stems; e) children's executive, language, and intellectual functioning and school achievement? 2. To what extent are the beneficial effects of the programs on parental care-giving and children's development concentrated on those born to mothers with few psychological resources? 3. To what extent are the benefits of the programs on mothers and children equivalent for Mexican- Americans and European-Americans? 4. To what extent are the effects of the programs on antisocial behavior concentrated on boys? 5. To what extent are program effects moderated by school and neighborhood contexts? 6. To what extent are the effects of the programs on children's development explained by impacts of the programs on women's prenatal smoking, maternal life-course, qualities of parental caregiving, and children's earlier language development, executive functioning, and emotional regulation? 7. To what extent are the initial costs of the programs recovered in reduced expenditures for other government services during the first nine years of the first child's life? The conduct of the economic evaluation (aim 7), the review of school records, and the assessment of teacher reports of child behavior (part of aims la and lc) will be covered by other funding sources in order to live within the $500,000 per year direct cost limitation set by NIH on R-01 applications.