The influence of dietary protein and lipid nutrients on bee-gut parasite interactions

蜜蜂对生物多样性和粮食安全很重要;负责为全球30%的粮食作物授粉（Khalifa等人，2021年）。在英国有大约250种野生蜂种，包括独居蜂种和24种大黄蜂种（Woodcock等人，2016）。由于许多相互作用的压力因素，包括栖息地丧失、农药使用、疾病和寄生虫造成的营养不良，传粉昆虫种群正在下降（Goulson et al.，2015).驯化的蜜蜂和熊蜂种群可以通过寄生虫的促进、溢出和回溢来驱动寄生虫及其相关疾病在野生蜜蜂种群中的传播（Graystock等人，2016）。蜜蜂和大黄蜂是一系列寄生虫的宿主。肠道寄生虫，如锥虫，Crithidia bombi和微孢子虫，如Nosema cerebral，与野生和驯养蜜蜂种群的下降有关（Brown，2017）。

Bees are important for biodiversity and food security; responsible for pollinating 30% food crops globally (Khalifa et al., 2021). There are around 250 wild bee species in the UK, including solitary bee species and 24 bumblebee species (Woodcock et al., 2016). Pollinator populations are declining due to many interacting stressors including poor nutrition from habitat loss, pesticide use, disease, and parasites (Goulson et al., 2015).Domesticated honeybee and bumblebee populations may drive the spread of parasites and their associated diseases in wild bee populations through facilitation, spill over and spillback of parasites (Graystock et al., 2016). Honeybees and bumblebees are host to a range of parasites. Intestinal parasites such as the trypanosomatid, Crithidia bombi and microsporidians like Nosema ceranae have been implicated in the decline of wild and domesticated bee populations (Brown, 2017).