Writing the Liberal Script, Designing the International Society: Postwar Liberalism and the Remaking of Japanese Architecture, 1945-1995

第二次世界大战后，自由主义原则在发展各项原则方面发挥了根本作用，社会据此成为新的国际秩序的一部分。在以民族主义的名义实施暴行之后，以民主和人权的名义阐述的普遍理想主要源自政治自由主义的语言，试图重组国际社会。随着自由主义走向全球，其中一个争论涉及普世自由主义价值观在多大程度上被置于国家主权之上。自由主义政治哲学中的“更厚”理论降低了国家边界的规范性相关性，支持个人权利作为普遍标准，而全球南方的非殖民化运动强调主权平等，非统治和民族自治在“更薄”的自由主义国际框架内。根据这种观点，“自由主义剧本”在全球不同的政治项目中产生了各种相互冲突的愿景。考虑到各种复杂的自由主义语言是如何在寻求国际社会原则的过程中产生冲突的，本研究探讨了战后日本的关键建筑设计是如何演变成一系列相互冲突的自由主义愿景的。当自由和民主的日本发现自己通过设计改变时，为1964年奥运会建造的广岛和平纪念公园（1949-55）和代代木国家体育场（1961-64）等建筑项目，都是由丹田贤三设计的，使日本重新融入了国际社会。虽然Tange的目的是通过结合传统日本建筑的元素来证明现代主义建筑作为自由价值观的反映与民族主义表达是相容的，但他以前的学生矶崎新（Arata Isozaki）则以更普遍的立场回应，他根据欧盟的理念为亚洲国家阐述了建筑和城市设计。本研究从设计研究和政治哲学的角度，试图理解政治自由主义与建筑设计是如何交织在一起的。它揭示了战后日本建筑师如何将不同版本的“自由脚本”写进他们的设计中，并通过这样做，促成了一套自由语言，这些语言与国际社会的发展过程中更广泛的自由发展的连续性、紧张性和变化密切相关。

After the Second World War, liberal principles have been fundamental in developing principles by which societies became part of a new international order. Largely derived from the language of political liberalism, universal ideals articulated in terms of democracy and human rights sought to reorganise the international society in the aftermath of atrocities conducted in the name of nationalism. As liberalism went global, one of its contestations concerned the extent to which universal liberal values were placed over national sovereignty. 'Thicker' theories in liberal political philosophy downgraded the normative relevance of national borders in favour of individual rights as universal standards, while movements of decolonisation in the global South put emphasis on sovereign equality, non-domination, and national self-rule within a 'thinner' liberal international framework. On this view, the 'liberal script' produced a variety of conflicting visions expressed in different political projects across the globe.Considering how a complex variety of liberal languages came into conflict in their search for principles of the international society, this research explores how key architectural designs in post-war Japan similarly evolved as a series of conflicting liberal visions. When liberal and democratic Japan found itself transformed through design, architectural projects such as the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park (1949-55) and the Yoyogi National Stadium (1961-64) built for the 1964 Olympic Games, both designed by Kenzo Tange, reintegrated the nation into the international community. Whereas Tange aimed to demonstrate that modernist architecture as a reflection of liberal values was compatible with nationalist expression by incorporating elements of traditional Japanese architecture, one of his former students, Arata Isozaki, responded with a more universalist stance by articulating architectural and urban designs for Asian countries based on the idea of the European Union. From the perspective of design research and political philosophy, this research seeks to understand how political liberalism and architectural design interlace. It uncovers how post-war Japanese architects wrote distinct versions of the 'liberal script' into their designs and, by doing so, contributed to a set of liberal languages that closely corresponded to continuities, tensions, and variations of broader liberal developments in the making of the international society.