Por Estas Calles de Interseccio'n: Representing Venezuela's Refugee Crisis (1999 to the Present)

委内瑞拉的出走是目前世界上第二大难民危机（联合国难民署，2020年）。然而，关于这一主题的学术研究非常有限。此外，虽然存在的少数批判性研究- troconis (2021), Lo'pez（2021）和Carrenno(2013)-可以帮助建立流散政治话语的一些特征，但他们在语库中严重依赖受过良好教育的流亡精英所产生的艺术和文学以及他们对查韦斯革命的敌对态度。因此，对委内瑞拉移民的研究未能认识到查韦斯主义现象所形成的复杂的文化和政治方面，以及移民中的交叉问题。此外，这种分析通常未能将委内瑞拉的经历与类似的难民危机——伊朗、叙利亚——以及有关公民身份和归属感的全球问题联系起来。相比之下，本研究将承认性别，社会和种族问题，并包括来自外部的美术和文学规范空间的代表，以揭示围绕革命的辩论之外的跨国关系。此外，本文将在围绕移民代表和难民正义的更广泛辩论中对委内瑞拉现象进行背景化。委内瑞拉移民的表现对拉丁美洲的政治和文化有什么启示？这些表现能揭示拉丁美洲及其他地区对移民的种族化态度吗？这个跨学科的项目，利用文学、美学和数字文化，将分析委内瑞拉移民的表现，以确定散居的叙事，并揭示难民危机中的交叉问题。本研究从大逃亡的背景化开始，然后考察委内瑞拉流亡精英所产生的表现形式，随后将分析卡米南特的形象，特别是卡米南特妇女，她们通常被描绘成耸人听闻的术语。最后，这项研究将以探索委内瑞拉数字文化中的酷儿主体性为高潮，对比在查韦斯的超级男子气概与性感女性的表现中呈现的二元动态。本文将借鉴泰勒（2003年）的作品，他对拉丁美洲的表演、情节剧和艺术的跨学科分析提供了方法论上的见解，马希埃（2011年）对拉丁美洲编年史类型的研究，以及克利福德（1994年）、吉尔罗伊（1993年）和Bauboock & Faist（2010年）对流散研究的非本质主义方法。通过挑战社会、种族和性别假设，本文将为未来对委内瑞拉人口外流和其他移民危机的研究铺平一条广阔而非简化的道路。同样，通过将委内瑞拉的经历与其他移民现象联系起来，它将挑战关于难民危机和寻求庇护者的东方主义假设。因此，这项研究将与任何对移民研究、代表性和交叉问题感兴趣的人相关；无论是在拉丁美洲研究的范围内还是外部。此外，本文提出的分析可以为围绕委内瑞拉艺术和文学的策展产出以及移民社区背景下的社会参与项目提供信息；在我有很强的专业关系和经验的领域。此外，由于很少有关于委内瑞拉的研究是在英国进行的，这个项目可以为英国更好地了解委内瑞拉的学术、政治和文化奠定基础。

The Venezuelan exodus is now the second largest refugee crisis in the world (UNHCR, 2020). Yet, the available scholarship on the topic is very limited. Further, while the few critical studies that do exist-Troconis (2021), Lo'pez (2021) and Carrenno (2013)-can help to establish some characteristics of the diasporic political discourse, they rely heavily in their corpus on art and literature produced by a well-educated exile elite and their antagonistic attitudes towards the Chavista revolution. Studies on the Venezuelan migration have therefore failed to recognise complex cultural and political aspects into which the Chavista phenomenon have grown, as well as intersectional issues within the migration. Moreover, such analyses have generally failed to connect the Venezuelan experience with similar refugee crises-Iran, Syria-and global questions around citizenship and belonging. In contrast, this study will acknowledge gender, social and racial issues and include representations from outwith the canonical spaces of fine art and literature to reveal transnational ties beyond the debate around the revolution. Also, this thesis will contextualise the Venezuelan phenomenon within broader debates around migrant representation and refugee justice. What do representations of the Venezuelan migration tell us about Latin American politics and culture? What can these representations reveal about racialised attitudes towards migrants in Latin America and beyond? This interdisciplinary project, drawing on literature, aesthetics and digital culture, will analyse representations of the Venezuelan migration to identify diasporic narratives and reveal intersectional issues within the refugee crisis. Starting with a contextualisation of the exodus and then an examination of the manifestations produced by the Venezuelan exile elite, this study will later analyse the image of the caminante, particularly caminante women, who are usually depicted in melodramatic terms. Finally, the study will culminate with an exploration of queer subjectivity in Venezuelan digital culture in contrast to the binary dynamics present in representations of caminante women against the hypermasculinity of Cha'vez. This thesis will draw on Taylor's (2003) work, who offers methodological insights into the interdisciplinary analysis of performance, melodrama and art in Latin America, Mahieux's (2011) work on the Latin American genre of chronicle, and Clifford (1994), Gilroy (1993), and Bauboock & Faist's (2010) non-essentialist approaches to diaspora studies. By challenging social, racial and gender assumptions, this thesis will pave a wide, non-reductive path for future studies on the Venezuelan exodus and other migration crises. Similarly, by connecting the Venezuelan experience to other migratory phenomena, it will challenge Orientalist assumptions around refugee crises and asylum seekers. This research will therefore be relevant to anyone interested in migration studies, representation and intersectional issues; both within and outside the context of Latin American studies. Further, the here- proposed analysis could inform curatorial outputs around Venezuelan art and literature, and social engagement projects in the context of migrant communities; areas where I have strong professional connections and experience. Moreover, since very few of the studies on Venezuela have been produced in the UK, this project could cement the basis for better academic, political and cultural understanding of Venezuela in the UK.